5.- Videos.

Thermotolerant faecal coliforms are indicator bacteria, which can form colonies at 44 degrees centigrade and can provide evidence of faecal contamination of water.

Membrane filtration is a means of testing the quality of water.

This film presents an overview of the process. Water is filtered though a membrane having pore sizes smaller than the size of a bacterium.

As water is filtered, bacteria are collected on the surface of the membrane.

The bacteria can then be incubated to produce visible colonies suitable for analysis.

This film looks at three methods of measuring turbidity in the field:

• measuring turbidity with a turbidity tube; • the Chinese method; and • measuring turbidity using a turbidity meter.

The first two methods are simple means of measurement.

The third involves the use of an electronic device that is more complex to use but is a more accurate means of measurement.

This film looks at how chemicals in water can be measured, using chlorine, nitrate and iron as examples.

Although the examples shown here were undertaken in a laboratory, with portable test kits, these methods can be used in the field too.

Composting toilets - how do they work?

Watch our short video to learn how composting loos are used in some areas where we work.

What is a Handy Pod? Do you know?

Watch our short video to find out more!

Ever heard of a 'tippy tap'?

If not, watch this video to learn all about why we use them and how to make one for yourself!

What is a water kiosk?

In many places where we work, water kiosks play a vital role in the community.

Watch our short video to find out more!

What is a water ATM?

How do they work and why do we use them?

Watch our short video to find out more!

Did you know, in some areas where we work, we use the sun to power pumps that provide clean drinking water?

Watch our short video to find out more!

What is a gravity fed system?

How do we use the earth's gravity to get clean water to places that don't have it?

Watch our short video to find out more!

Ever wondered what borehole drilling is?

Or how water is extracted from deep underground in very dry climates?

Watch our short video to find out more!

Self-supply of groundwater for domestic use in urban sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is common, but the extent to which it is practiced is unknown.

We developed an open data based GIS method for continental Africa (without islands) using groundwater storage, depth to groundwater, aquifer productivity, and population density data.

Furthermore, we developed proxies for public supply network coverage and socio-economic status, incorporating restriction measures for groundwater use.

Our results indicate that in 2015 about 369 million urban inhabitants (~79% of the total urban population) of continental Africa could potentially supply themselves with groundwater.

However, the likely number of urban inhabitants using groundwater obtained via self-supply was less: about 150 million (~32% of the total urban population).

With the novel GIS based methodology presented here, the urban population using self-supply groundwater for domestic use can be determined, which is essential to inform policy and practice, and to influence public investment.

Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have highly variable climates, which affects rainfall, river flows, lake levels and groundwater. In many areas, groundwater provides vital water supplies, especially in dry periods.

This is one of a series of films from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org.

This century, Africa is projected to experience very high population growth.

Expanding cities, growing rural populations and economic growth will increase the demand for groundwater.

This is one of a series of films from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org.

UPGro research has added to understandings about how gender inequality affects the use of and access to groundwater for their livelihood activities.

Transition management has enabled sustainable solutions for water-related problems to be developed through constructive dialogue involving communities, researchers, NGOs and private companies.

Working together with communities, weekly radio programmes have enabled people to form a better understanding of groundwater and its management.

This is one of a series of films from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org.

In dry periods, handpumps are often the only water source available.

UPGro research investigated the quality of water from handpumps in rural Malawi, Uganda and the Ethiopian Highlands and forensically examined why pumps were not working.

This is one of a series of films from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org.

Groundwater is the water that is stored underground, in what are called aquifers.

Groundwater is recharged by rainfall and surface water such as lakes and rivers.

This is one of a series of films from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org

Groundwater is extremely important for sub-Saharan Africa, and how it is managed and shared in the future will be central to securing people’s lives and livelihoods.

Groundwater thus needs to feature in policy discussions and for investments in the continent.

This film explains groundwater and presents key research findings from a 7-year UK-Government (DFID-UKRI) funded research programme called UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor).

For more information, visit www.upgro.org.