Air CD Disinf--High Concentration

A method for gas phase application of chlorine dioxide within an enclosed volume that includes the steps of: climatizing the enclosed volume to achieve a relative humidity (RH) in the range of about 5% to about 56%; generating chlorine dioxide gas; and introducing the chlorine dioxide gas under specified conditions of chlorine dioxide gas concentration and contact time, the specified conditions being effective to eliminate contaminants within the closed volume, and further to mitigate corrosion within the enclosed volume during the gas phase application.

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) off-gassed from an aqueous solution and reacted incrementally with potassium iodide solutions (sinks). After 30 min, 45% of the initial dose was detected as chlorite ion in the sink, whereas 35% of the initial dose was still in the source. "

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**** {Includes charts of ClO2 efficacy against various pathogens on different objects and areas in a room} "Technical solutions allow other suppliers to provide control of their [chlorine dioxide fumigation] systems from outside the treated area, while their machines remain within the treated room. These include delays in start function on the machine or wire-less operation of the system from outside the room. Alt-hough such systems allow for easier remote control and may provide useful information via remote screens dur-ing fumigation, they remain dependent on the ability to fully expose the machine to its own fumigant. "

In today’s unpredictable environment, a cultural push to decrease antibiotic use, a decrease in biodiversity, an increase in biodensity and an increase in microbiological challenges all signal an amplified need to proactively address pathogens and implement comprehensive biosecurity systems.

Pristine Solutions highlights a report by CNN Headline News on the use of Chlorine Dioxide gas used to eradicate mold after the flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina.

(2011) "Association for Professionals in Infection Prevention (APIC), the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE) formerly ASHES, we welcome the opportunity to comment on the topic of fogging applications for disinfectants" "Other chemicals such as chlorine dioxide and ozone also have many documented safety issues that would preclude their use in healthcare facilities."

(2013). Decontamination of a Hospital Room Using Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide: Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 533-539.

Recently, global public health organizations such as Doctors without Borders (MSF), the World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Canada, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. government developed and deployed Field Decontamination Kits (FDKs), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa (medical waste materials are placed in bags and burned). The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO2) produced from a patented invention developed by researchers at the US Army Natick Soldier RD&E Center (NSRDEC) and commercialized as a dry mixed-chemical for bacterial spore decontamination. In fact, the NSRDEC research scientists developed an ensemble of ClO2 technologies designed for different applications in decontaminating fresh produce; food contact and handling surfaces; personal protective equipment; textiles used in clothing, uniforms, tents, and shelters; graywater recycling; airplanes; surgical instruments; and hard surfaces in latrines, laundries, and deployable medical facilities. These examples demonstrate the far-reaching impact, adaptability, and versatility of these innovative technologies. We present herein the unique attributes of NSRDEC’s novel decontamination technologies and a Case Study of the development of FDKs that were deployed in West Africa by internatio...

****!!!!**** {Instructions for disinfecting truck cabs, using inexpensive chlorine dioxide tablets, and disinfection in meat plants."

"The benefits of chlorine dioxide are that, like formaldehyde, it is a true gas at room temperature and has the inherent properties of good distribution and excellent penetration. It is not affected by temperatures, does not condense or fall out on surfaces, is non-carcinogenic, and requires no post-exposure wipedown. Since the facility is complex and has many rooms, it was decided to use a gaseous agent to get the proper distribution and penetration. "

" Chlorine Dioxide: Use Geobacillus stearothermophilus as BI (?)" "The Halide Group, ClorDiSys Solutions, Sabre Technologies (different reaction)" "--“True gas – no condensation issues" "Mild corrosion/discoloring to cold steel, copper, brass: Particularly in the presence of water. Potentially corrosive if Chlorine gas (Cl2) is present -- Care to avoid Cl2 in synthesized CD -- Care to avoid Cl2 creation by UV exposure" "Typical duration conditioning through decontamination: 1-1.5 hr. Typical duration of aeration / scrubbing: 0.25-0.5 hr"

"The initial rate is high to provide sufficient chlorine dioxide to penetrate the various surfaces demands within the volume requiring fumigation. This rate is predetermined to accommodate the surface demand as well as to provide the initial charge of the volume requiring fumigation to a predetermined chlorine dioxide residual level. The chlorine dioxide generation rate is then reduced appropriately to maintain the predetermined chlorine dioxide concentration in the air of the volume requiring fumigation for a predetermined time. This can be achieved by a number of means, such as lowering the concentration of chlorine dioxide in the solution that is fed to the emitter, or lowering the flow rate of the chlorine dioxide solution to the emitter." "If the space to be fumigated contains materials that are potentially susceptible to corrosion, the chlorine dioxide should be of the highest possible purity. Specifically, chlorine gas should be present in the introduced gas at a level less than about 5%" "Typically, if the enclosed volume is 2280 ft3, air is suitably recirculated at 5 CFM"

**** "ClO2 struggled to be accepted initially as a fumigant because of fears over its potential corrosiveness and toxicity. It is ***not considered a substance of concern by the ECHA, so is exempt from BPR PT2***. ClO2 fumigations are actually not corrosive, but a controlled study by the US EPA showed it can be corrosive inside functioning computers due to the heat from the CPU" "study gives this system the thumbs up in terms of its efficacy and reliability in comparison with formaldehyde against a range of tough-to-kill pathogens and spores. It is also excellent at inactivating beta-lactams" [Note: Fogging of chlorine dioxide liquid solution likely results in greater concentrations in some areas of room for at least some of the time. How much might variations in humidity throughout a room result in variations in chlorine dioxide concentrations in different areas when chlorine dioxide gas is emitted separately from any liquid?): "The other main advantages of this [hydrogen peroxide/ peracetic acid] system are that the room humidity does not need to be raised pre-fumigation, so there is little chance of the chemical pooling in cooler areas."

"Two of the three computers in the 75 ppmv ClO2 75 percent run had surviving spores. The three computers that had condensing conditions due to a faulty valve... had a 100 percent kill rate."

", solutions of ClO2 do not fog well and are prone to foaming, so gas generation is more effective and practical" " Gaseous ClO2 systems are available for fumigating laboratory rooms or suites of rooms up to 800 m3... Humidifiers and fans are used within the treated area to maintain relative humidity, typically in the 65% to 75% RH range, and to encourage uniform mixing of gas and moisture in the treated area." "All lights must be turned off in the room during decontamination as ClO2 broken down by UV light. With some commercial systems, to avoid corrosion damage, the decontamination device is placed outside the treated room and the gas piped in via a one-way valve."

{ClorDiSys} "One of the very rst commercial uses for our chlorine dioxide gas was for the sterilization of implantable contact lenses, where it was proven to the FDA that there were no measureable residuals"

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****!!!!**** "Overall, the use of a chemical scrubber for the removal of bacteria from recycled air appeared to be no more effective than high efficiency particulate air filtration especially if the scrubbing media is recycled." " Two bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, which have different biologic and physical properties were used in the study. The scrubber, using an aqueous chlorine-dioxide solution, and high efficiency particulate air filtration were equally effective in removing both types of bacteria from recycled air." "When the scrubber was used with the chlorine dioxide solution, sufficient chlorine dioxide residues remained in the scrubber processed air to affect bacterial counts in the isolator to which the processed air was returned. The bacteria differed in their susceptibility to low levels of chlorine dioxide in the return air which influenced the number of viable organisms recovered under similar conditions. The use of water without a chemical additive eliminated bacteria in recycled air immediately following the start of the unit but allowed their eventual build-up in recycled air to concentrations of approximately half that of untreated air. "

Nouryon has developed a new analytical method to help pulp mill customers comply with stricter air regulations for emissions of chlorine dioxide (ClO2).

(2020) " the currently used analytical method is not suitable for detection of low concentrations of chlorine and chlorine dioxide. A new method for measuring chlorine dioxide and chlorine emissions was developed, which ensures compliance with the stringent requirements imposed by the authorities. The two species could be measured separately with a limit of quantification of 3 ppm. "

****!!!! {Medical device sterilisation.} "As a sterilising agent, ethylene oxide’s days are numbered," "Furthering the progression away from EtO, the FDA newly approved a contract sterilisation facility for medical devices utilising CD gas in late 2020.1 This breakthrough advancement was awarded to ClorDiSys Solutions. The company was established in 2001, beginning as an adoption of technology the founders originally created within Johnson and Johnson. There, medical devices such as interocular contact lenses, sutures, artificial hip joints and more were sterilised internally using CD gas. This facility recently processed the first commercially sold medical device sterilised with CD gas that has US approval. *****A draft Reference File for the use of CD gas has been created, which is developed from ISO and AAMI EtO guidelines. This serves to aid in submission packages to both the FDA and EU regulatory agencies. These tools provide a regulatory roadmap for validating the sterilisation process"

****!!!!****!!!!**** Efficacy of chlorine dioxide (CD) gas generated by two distinct generation systems, Sabre (wet system with gas generated in water) and ClorDiSys (dry system with gas generated in air)" "exposure time is more critical than CT as long as the concentration is maintained within a target range. Additionally, in future building cleanup efforts, lower concentrations may be favored in many instances to avoid issues with material or equipment compatibility" "The CD dose required for complete spore kill on biological indicators (typically, 1E6 spores of Bacillus atrophaeus on stainless steel) was significantly less than that required for decontamination of most of the building materials tested." "for all of the other five materials, the time required to achieve successful fumigation was determined to be independent of the fumigant concentrations used"