Air CD Disinf--High Concentration

****!!!!**** "Collection of a positive sample from a distance more than 2 m away from the nearest patient traffic implies the virus was in an aerosol." "A pilot SARS-CoV-2 air sampling study conducted at a clinic within a university student health care center" "Following detection of SARS-CoV-2 in air by our March 20 air-sampling study, remediation was accomplished by performing a 2-day decontamination process using a stabilized chlorine dioxide solution (VitalOxide™) delivered through a handheld electrostatic mist sprayer"

"The FDA has yet to approve any of the submitted Emergency UseAuthorizations (EUAs) for decontamination of N95 FFRs with ClO​2​ gas. However, ifimplemented properly and adequate concentration of ClO​2​ gas and humidity ismaintained in the sterilization chamber or other space for an adequate duration toachieve a dose of at least 720ppmv-hrs, it is likely that ClO​2​ gas will completelyinactivate SARS-CoV-2 and harder-to-kill pathogens on N95 FFRs. This inference is based on results from similar viruses, but has not yet been confirmed directly forSARS-CoV-2 by peer-reviewed studies. ​Damage to the strap integrity and fit ofsome models of N95 FFR has been reported after ClO​2​ treatment, and thereforemodel-specific integrity of the FFRs used in each setting should be verifiedbefore implementing a ClO​2​ gas decontamination approach​. We once againstress that (i) after each round of decontamination, a user seal check should beperformed, and (ii) extended cycles of doffing and re-donning may affect FFR fit."

*****!!!!!*****!!!!**** {Detailed description of disinfection procedures and supplies for large facility} "Manual decontamination procedures are laborious ... requiring significant time and resources to complete... also may need to be repeated if initial efforts do not fully kill pathogens." "some areas may not come up to concentration as expected, either due to leakage or because gas consumption is greater than expected." "Chlorine dioxide gas has a low odor threshold (0.1 ppm), which coincides with the 0.1 ppm, eight-hour personal exposure level." "if the gas is highly visible, an experienced user knows the concentration is higher than the 1 mg/L target concentration." "Equipment... thin 3-mil plastic sheeting (for conveyor sealing...)" "6-mil plastic sheeting (for large-opening sealing...)"

2021 March

***!!!!***!!!!*** "virucidal efficacy was tested in three locations of the room after 1 hour and 2 hours of dwell time. The estimated nominal peak concentration was 15 ppmv in the room." "CD was 99.91% effective for eliminating human coronavirus OC43 in both sachet and capsule fumigant form using both ***fast and slow release mechanisms.**** Rapid fumigant application is suitable for contaminated rooms, ambulances, emergency vehicles, and many types of PPE, most particularly porous PPE materials. The gaseous state of CD allows for rapid diffusion and transfer of the virucidal stable free radical to all surfaces of PPE and indoor areas that would favor virus survival. Additionally, this work suggests CD can be effective at levels with significant margins of safety (little to no exposure and rapid degradation of residuals) providing minimal public health risks associated with the use of CD. "

2020. During the severe pandemic of coronavirus, the development and deployment of efficient disinfection technology have attracted hospitals’ attention..

****!!! (2020) ClO2 gas used to decontaminate a 4800 161m3 facility with a total ClO2 dosage of 400 ppm per hr in a single evening. "In addition, the oxidation of air pollutants such as NOx, SOx, Hg, and VOCs using ClO2 gas has been successfully demonstrated in recent research." "When ClO2 gas dissolved into aqueous solution, the reactivity of ClO2 with organic compounds is predominant to in the gas phase because of existenceof organic compounds in water generally in low concentration."

"Three gaseous decontamination technologies are examined for their suitability in reducing environmental contamination with C. difficile: gaseous hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Air decontamination and UV-based technologies are also briefly described. We conclude that while there is a role to play for these new technologies in the decontamination of ward surfaces contaminated with C. difficile, the requirement for both a preclean before use and the limited 'in vivo' evidence means that extensive field trials are necessary to determine their cost-effectiveness in a healthcare setting."