Process description for chlorine dioxide gas decontamination

"...a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa (medical waste materials are placed in bags and burned). The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO2)" "NSRDEC research scientists developed an ensemble of ClO2 technologies designed for different applications in decontaminating fresh produce; food contact and handling surfaces; personal protective equipment; textiles used in clothing, uniforms, tents, and shelters; graywater recycling; airplanes; surgical instruments; and hard surfaces in latrines, laundries, and deployable medical facilities. These examples demonstrate the far-reaching impact, adaptability, and versatility of these innovative technologies."

{Applications at various Relative Humidity} Based on past remediation efforts, it is generally accepted that in order to achieve adequate kill, chlorine dioxide fumigation of a building requires a minimum relative humidity (RH) of about 65%, with a target ClO2 concentration and exposure time of 750 ppmv for 12 hours, for a total concentration of 9000 ppmv-hrs (CT). Other researchers have recommended a RH of greater than 70% for ClO2 concentrations between 125 and 10550 ppmv. Under current EPA guidelines, applications of ClO2 for building remediation require 75% relative humidity and an exposure of 9000 ppmv-hrs. {Includes info on corrosion mitigation.}

Maverick Transportation's Greg Johnsen is petitioning TMC to update their recommended practices for truck cab sanitizing in hopes to help combat COVID-19.

{Gives doses for air applications in ppm and grams of PureVista tablets for fumigation and other uses} "Placing (1) PureVista 100 (100 g/3.53 oz.) into 4 liters/1 gallon of water provides 2,000 ppm solution. "

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Sodium chlorite to make chlorine dioxide against avian influenza

{This study seems to actually report the concentration of chlorine dioxide in the liquid solution used, rather than the air in the gas chamber} "Chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 ppm or 1,000 ppm was created according to the instructions of the manufacturer in the gas chamber through the use of 6 g Aseptrol S10-Tab tablets (Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey) dissolved in distilled water. The gas chamber was then sealed for 24 h at room temperature under a fume hood."

The facility was appropriately sealed, supplied with gas distribution mechanisms and demonstrated to have met the specification for humidity before introduction of ClO2. The total exposure for this ***4800 cubic meters structure was approximately 400 ppm-hr. *** "Most of the sealing was performed on exterior surfaces. All vents or potentially leaky seams along the roof, which included vents adjacent to roof gutters and ridge vents, were sealed using combinations of caulk, expanding foam, duct tape and adhesive films. The exhaust and air supply units for the building were deactivated and their associated vents on the exterior walls and roof were sealed."

**** "Spinach samples exposed to ClO2 gas for 30 min actually achieved less reduction than did the water wash, and 1 h exposure reduced Salmonella only 0.6 CFU/g, somewhat but not significantly less than water.**** When chlorine dioxide was used on tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella, reductions of 2.94 and 3.86 log were obtained with 8 mg/L for 60 s or 10 mg/L for 120s, respectively... similar results, achieving a more than 5 log reduction in Salmonella on innoculated tomato skin surfaces after treatment with 0.5 mg/L ClO2 gas for 12 min."

"Incorporation of three commercially available decontaminant technologies [including chlorine dioxide] into a SAP gel promotes inactivation of B. anthracis spores without observable physical damage to the test surface."

After decontamination with chlorine dioxide gas, no culturable B. atrophaeus was detected in 24 of 27 samples (89%). However, QPCR analysis showed that B. atrophaeus DNA was still present after decontamination with both methods. Environmental background material had no apparent effect on decontamination

In this study, we evaluated and compared the antibacterial activity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on various multidrug-resistant strains in the presence of bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes to mimic the blood contamination that frequently occurs in the clinical …

******{Chlorine Dioxide effectiveness against pathogens and residual levels are both higher at colder temperatures} "Foodborne pathogens were processed in a treatment chamber with 20 ppmv ClO2 gas at 15 or 25 °C under the same conditions of absolute humidity (11.2-12.3 g/m3) for up to 30 min. As treatment time increased, ClO2 gas treatment at 15 °C caused significantly more (p < 0.05) inactivation of the three pathogens than treatment at 25 °C. ClO2 gas treatment at 25 °C for 30 min" "Residual ClO2 levels after gas treatment at 15 °C were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those at 25 °C."

****!!! (2020) ClO2 gas used to decontaminate a 4800 161m3 facility with a total ClO2 dosage of 400 ppm per hr in a single evening. "In addition, the oxidation of air pollutants such as NOx, SOx, Hg, and VOCs using ClO2 gas has been successfully demonstrated in recent research." "When ClO2 gas dissolved into aqueous solution, the reactivity of ClO2 with organic compounds is predominant to in the gas phase because of existenceof organic compounds in water generally in low concentration."

Much valuable info. {Chlorine dioxide gas treatment "yellowed wall paint and corroded aluminum."} {Re. decontamination of Hart building from anthrax. "Obtaining insurance also contributed significantly to project delays... A public relations firm provided community relations support. In addition, the project had the mayor’s support. Sabre was open about their activities and made themselves available to community groups and media outlets. Sabre held process demonstrations and arranged a round-table discussion for the community the day before the scheduled fumigation."} {"...decisions about reoccupation are made by the local health agencies, so CDC responses to an incident must be carefully crafted and must respect the command structure."} { "...evaluating active moieties in uniforms for personal protection. Catalysts, such as metal oxides, activated carbon, and polyoxometalates would be included in uniform fabrics to improve personnel protection from chemical agents vapors."} {"...found that the hydrogen peroxide concentration decreases as a function of flow rate,temperature, and distance traveled along the ductwork. These results indicate a need for increased injection rates or multiple injection points. Condensation is a concern when increasing the injection rate. } {"...identified significant materials effects for ozone and chlorine dioxide, significant disinfectant effects, significant concentration effects, rapid decay in consumption rates (for ozone and chlorine dioxide), and non-zero endpoints...Ceiling tiles and office partitions continued to be consumers of chlorine dioxide and ozone throughout the disinfection phase... " "...was tested to prove that *chlorine* gas was not formed."}

Chlorine Dioxide Cup Odor Removal System releases 15 to 20 ppm (parts per million) for the first two hours, and 5 ppm for another hour. After 5-6 hours, there will be zero ppm in your vehicle.

Powerful chlorine dioxide eliminates bad odours, mould, fungi and spores. Chlorine dioxide odour control works fast for fire & flood remediation. Get in touch.

Learn more about why the NonScents Pro team uses chlorine dioxide instead of ozone gas to fight odors at the source. Contact us today to learn more or to schedule odor removal services in Phoenix or San Diego!

A prototype bioluminescence-based biosensor was designed and constructed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO{sub 2}) gas under various treatment conditions. The biosensor consisted of a bioluminescent bioreporter (Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL), an optical transducer (photomultiplier tube), and a light-tight chamber housing, the bioreporter and the transducer. The bioluminescent recombinant P. fluorescens 5RL in the biosensor allowed for online monitoring of bioluminescence during ClO{sub 2} gas disinfection. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of th...

Means are provided, for sensing the concentration of the solution in the recirculation chamber 31 by a known manner, for example, by sensing the pH of the solution

Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spore and Staphylococcus albus are typical biological indicators for the inactivation of airborne pathogens. The present study characterized and compared the behaviors of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores and S. albus in regard ...

Experiments were designed to study chlorine dioxide (CD) gas sterilization under square-wave conditions. By using controlled humidity, gas concentration, and temperature at atmospheric pressure, standard biological indicators (BIs) and spore disks of environmental isolates were exposed to CD gas. The sporicidal activity of CD gas was found to be concentration dependent. *Prehumidification enhanced the CD activity.* The D values (time required for 90% inactivation) of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger ATCC 9372 BIs were estimated to be 1.5, 2.5, and 4.2 min when exposed to CD concentrations of 30, 15, and 7 mg/liter, respectively, at 23°C and ambient (20 to 40%) relative humidity (RH). Survivor tailings were observed. Prehumidification of BIs to 70 to 75% RH in an environmental chamber for 30 min resulted in a D value of 1.6 min after exposure to a concentration of 6 to 7 mg of CD per liter at 23°C and eliminated survivor tailing. Prolonging prehumidification at 70 to 75% RH for up to 16 h did not further improve the inactivation rate. Prehumidification by ultrasonic nebulization was found to be more effective than prehumidification in the environmental chamber. Based on the current observations, CD gas is estimated, on a molar concentration basis, to be 1,075 times more potent than ethylene oxide as a sterilant at 30°C.

[Generates chlorine dioxide gas]

Aguair LLC. released data that its SaniCart™ mobile, micro-fogging sanitation system, when paired with an EPA-approved COVID-19 disinfectant, can kill

Chlorine dioxide gas product used in vehicle cleaning.

****** "ClO2 gas was effective in reducing culturable and total fungi and bacteria in indoor air. The reduction of total count on surfaces was less efficient. The treatment process appeared to have no effect or increase the concentrations of endotoxin and (133)-
-D-glucan, which have been associated with respiratory symptoms in some individuals." "Endotoxin concentrations before and after ClO2 treatment were 10.32 and 18.59 endotoxin units per cubicmeter (EU/m3), respectively. Paired tests comparing endotoxin concentrations before and after treatment showed no significant difference. " "House tented decontamination: Greater than 650 ppm in air for 12.5 hours" "Both the total microscopic count and the PCR count obtained for air samples decreased significantly. This could be caused by direct reduction of spores in the air or reduction of spores on surfaces that would serve as the source for the airborne spores. However, no decrease was observed in the semiquantitative analysis of amount of spores and hyphae in the stickytape samples collected from surfaces."

"The gas was absorbed by the activated char-coal, and no liquid or other material was generated. The gaswas cleared from the room during the aeration process inapproximately 30 minutes to the safe concentration of 0.1ppm; however, the smell of the gas was present in the roomfor 2–3 hours following completion of the protocol."

{Used ClorDiSys equipment} 315 ppmmaintained to an exposure of 479 ppm-hours with 65% RH failed to inactivate all five organisms, including both spores and vegetative cells, in the ambulance. Trial 4, maintaining 695 ppm ClO2to 756 ppm-hourswith 55% RH, was sufficient for complete inactivationofA. baumanniiandM. smegmatis vegetative cells within the ambulance, but failed to achieve total inacti-vation ofB. anthracis and B. atrophaeusspores as well as S. aureus vegetative cells located inside the closed cabinet" "The ClO2 gas generator uses a five-phase programmable decontamination protocol to include: 1) preconditioning phase, when the RH is elevated to a specified level and the environment is checked for leaks; 2) conditioning phase, where the desirable RH is maintained for a specified time; 3) charge phase, where the ClO2 gas is generated to a target concentration; 4) exposure phase, where the target concentration of ClO2 is maintained to the specified exposure time; and 5) aeration phase, where the ClO2 is removed from the decontamination area"