"Studies have concluded that the usage of high-volume evacuators, fumigation using chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) are effective for aerosol reduction in dental operating sites"

"This paper makes a brief introduction to the disinfection principle of ultra-low capacity disinfection sprayer, and determines the disinfection effect by the specific air disinfection simulation field test, the air disinfection simulation field test shows that the chlorine dioxide disinfectant with a disinfection machine atomization concentration of 250 ppm [Is this concentration of initial liquid solution?[, the use of 20 ml [mg??]/m3, the killing rate of white staphylococcus in the air 15 is 99.99%."

"(BS EN 17272:2020: Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics – Methods of airborne room disinfection by automated process – Determination of bactericidal, mycobactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal, yeasticidal, virucidal and phagocidal activities.)" "Prior to October 2020, regulators have required efficacy data produced using the French standard NFT 72-281. However, the new European standard EN 17272 has replaced this" "The BS EN 17272:2020 standard determines the disinfectant activity of processes used in the medical, veterinary, food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas, using automated processes for distributing chemicals by air diffusion with no operator manually applying the disinfectant. This includes the disinfection of nonporous surfaces but not that of the air."

{Includes photo of 2001 anthrax decontamination} {Alternative to chlorine dioxide gas decontamination against anthrax, methamphetamine house contamination, etc. Includes "Crystal Clean" product.}"Tucker’s solution to the large-area problem was, of course, a foam, requiring no expensive pipe-distributionsystem, andthe solutionwas clever, the idea to induce any spores to germinate into fareasierto kill vegetative bacterial cells, withmetabolicbiochemistry thatcould be directly attacked without such strong oxidation chemistry. Inexpensive, nontoxic, and noncorrosive" "Sandia also has licensed the DF200 formula to other companies, with applicationssuch as commercial and residential mold remediation, disinfection of hospitals and schools and removal of pesticides from farm equipment. The foamhasalsobeen deployed in military applications for counterterrorism preparedness and as a preventive measure at presidential debates."

Chlorine Dioxide used for Decontamination in offices, buildings, hospitals, cruise ships, hotels. Mobile service available. Chlorine Dioxide Solution available in a variety of sizes. EPA approved.

*****!!!!!*****!!!!**** {Detailed description of disinfection procedures and supplies for large facility} "Manual decontamination procedures are laborious ... requiring significant time and resources to complete... also may need to be repeated if initial efforts do not fully kill pathogens." "some areas may not come up to concentration as expected, either due to leakage or because gas consumption is greater than expected." "Chlorine dioxide gas has a low odor threshold (0.1 ppm), which coincides with the 0.1 ppm, eight-hour personal exposure level." "if the gas is highly visible, an experienced user knows the concentration is higher than the 1 mg/L target concentration." "Equipment... thin 3-mil plastic sheeting (for conveyor sealing...)" "6-mil plastic sheeting (for large-opening sealing...)"

"GfG has a variety of both fixed and portable gas detection equipment that can protect workers from CLO2 exposure and are most effective when used together. The GMA36 pro is one of our most popular units for measuring CLO2 exposure as it is a combined transmitter and controller. It includes a display, sensor, both audible and visual alarms and is mains powered with a battery backup. Our EC-28 series of highly configurable toxic gas transmitters can be equipped with exactly the right configuration of sensors, displays, relays and local alarms needed for your specific application. The units can be installed as a customised installation with controllers located in a ‘safe’ area that will prevent entry into affected areas in the event of a leak. Workers that are on the frontline of production will benefit from portable gas detection equipment located within their breathing zone to ensure that occupational exposure limits are not being exceeded. A simple one gas portable measurement device such as the Micro IV and Micro V provide a cost-effective solution to risk management and employee welfare."

"The unpopulated operating room after consulting hours can be kept clean by the use of 4 mg/L of ClO2 gas together with the ACP and the HEPA filter."

2021 March

***!!!!***!!!!*** "virucidal efficacy was tested in three locations of the room after 1 hour and 2 hours of dwell time. The estimated nominal peak concentration was 15 ppmv in the room." "CD was 99.91% effective for eliminating human coronavirus OC43 in both sachet and capsule fumigant form using both ***fast and slow release mechanisms.**** Rapid fumigant application is suitable for contaminated rooms, ambulances, emergency vehicles, and many types of PPE, most particularly porous PPE materials. The gaseous state of CD allows for rapid diffusion and transfer of the virucidal stable free radical to all surfaces of PPE and indoor areas that would favor virus survival. Additionally, this work suggests CD can be effective at levels with significant margins of safety (little to no exposure and rapid degradation of residuals) providing minimal public health risks associated with the use of CD. "

Chlorine Dioxide (CD) is a sterilant gas registered by the EPA that effectively destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life.

"Studies were performed to define the conditions in which minute mouse virus (MMV) is inactivated by chlorine dioxide and to understand equipment and facility risks. Written plans and procedures documented activities necessary to safely fumigate the building and requalify it to manufacture commercial product. "

"At a given ClO2 gas concentration, ClO2 residues on tomatoes significantly (P < 0·05) increased with increasing RH, and there were close correlations between log reductions of pathogens and ClO2 residues on tomatoes."

"Pathogen populations reduced more under 90% than under 50 and 70% relative humidity. No significant differences in reduction levels between 50 and 70% relative humidity."

Recognizing the importance of ClO2 in disinfection and decontamination operations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had identified the need for portable, accurate and field-rugged chlorine dioxide (ClO2) monitors for use in monitoring building decontamination operations. To address the EPA's concern and need, this Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II project will continue the developmental work started in Phase I to design, develop and demonstrate a simple-to-operate and advanced, novel electrochemical ClO2 micro sensor (sensor cell with integrated potentiostatic...

"need for an accurate and field-rugged instrument to monitor chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for use in monitoring building decontamination operations."

*****!!!!***** {Chlorine dioxide fumigation much less effective at low temperatures} This bench scale study observed that a six (6) log reduction in viable spores of a suitable B. anthracis surrogate can be obtained for subway infrastructure materials by ClO2 fumigation if the temperature is at or above 24 °C combined with RH greater than 75%. No six log reduction in viable spores was observed at realistic (winter) temperatures in a subway environment (11-13 °C and 70-80% RH) for periods of fumigation that are otherwise efficacious at 24 °C/ 75% RH.

"Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spore and Staphylococcus albus are typical biological indicators for the inactivation of airborne pathogens." "inactivation tendency and kinetics for ClO2 gas under different RH conditions (30 to 90%)"

The aim of this study was to investigate the lethal effects of simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and mild wet heat (55 °C at 100% relative humidity [RH]) on Salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells. Gaseous ClO2 production decr …

"40 ppm ClO2 had no effect on the internal quality of the table eggs, when comparing with the UV treatment method. The hatchability of hatching eggs was not statistical different between formaldehyde fumigation and 80 ppm ClO2 gas treatment, though the value was decreased at high concentration of 160 ppm ClO2 gas.

"The operational aspects of [Chlorine Dioxide gas] treatments are very similar to traditional fumigations with the exception of a humidity requirement of about 60% RH. Spaces can be sealed or materials tarped with common sealing or tarping materials. Gas is introduced and monitored to reach a CT of 760 ppm-hours for efficacy. Bioassay methods are available to check treatment quality as well.. Low concentration safety monitors are used for leak detection or aeration. Aeration is to the atmosphere. Food processing facilities have been treated from small rooms and spiral freezers, to nearly a million cubic feet... The intention is surface decontamination with the capability to penetrate scratches and equipment assemblies that can harbor pathogens, but not penetrate quite like a traditional insecticidal fumigant. "

****!!!!***** (2020) {This study was done via computer modeling that predicted some significantly different results than real-world. Example: Degradation of ClO2 throughout room was based on rate 1 m from fluorescent lamp. In actuality, little UV reaches beyond a couple meters, so rest of gas in room is unaffected other than gas blown into close proximity.} {Negative byproducts from chlorine dioxide gas fumigation} "previously unconsidered potential consequence of such cleaning technologies: the photochemical formation of high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydroperoxy radicals (HO2), organic peroxy radicals (RO2), and chlorine radicals (Cl) which can form harmful reaction products when exposed to chemicals commonly found in indoor air." "Steady-state Cl concentrations are elevated at all OClO concentrations under bare fluorescent and attenuated outdoor lighting, with little dependence on OClO concentration... because species involved in the reactions that lead to Cl formation, as well as Cl itself, can undergo competing reactions" " Sunlight is attenuated as it passes through windows, such that 3 and 10%, respectively, of UV and visible light ingresses" "We assume a ward volume of 35 m3 with an area to volume ratio of 1 m2/m" " temperature was assumed to be 293 K and 50% relative humidity" "The emissions were set to provide the approximate concentrations reported in the literature for NTD use... 3000 and 350 ppm for OClO (to reflect two commonly used concentrations). This required emission rates of... 0.8 and 0.1 ppm/s to deliver 3000 and 350 ppm of OClO " "The emissions were assumed to last for one hour and then stop. After another hour (at noon), ventilation was resumed at 2 per h. There is very little information in the literature on how long the gases will be emitted during cleaning" "Maximum... concentrations occurred [of] RO2 and Cl with OClO [chlorine dioxide] photolysis. Elevated concentrations may persist for hours... Products from reactions involving radicals could significantly decrease air quality when disinfectants are used, leading to adverse health effects for occupants" "OClO photolysis under attenuated sunlight is ~20 times faster than under bare fluorescent lighting," "O3 levels generated from OClO photolysis are much higher than those commonly attained using O3 as the primary fumigant""Photon fluxes will vary greatly throughout a room" "we suggest that the efficacy of NTDs on reducing loadings of several strains of bacteria should be further studied in the dark and under illumination from different indoor lighting. It is possible that efficacy will be greatly enhanced under common lighting sources such as fluorescent lights due to the production of radicals that may inactivate bacteria more effectively than the disinfection agents." "[This info needs verification:] There is no ClOO absorbance at wavelengths longer than 280 nm"