Chlorine dioxide reactions with indoor materials during building disinfection: surface uptake - PubMed
Chlorine dioxide received attention as a building disinfectant in the wake of Bacillus anthracis contamination of several large buildings in the fall of 2001. It is increasingly used for the disinfection of homes and other indoor environments afflicted by mold. However, little is known regarding the …
Systematic Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide in Decontamination of Building Interior Surfaces Contaminated with Anthrax Spores
Efficacy of chlorine dioxide (CD) gas generated by *two distinct generation systems*, Sabre (wet system with gas generated in water) and ClorDiSys (dry system with gas generated in air), was evaluated for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores on six ...
************ Low-cost, Small-scale Decontamination of Laboratory Equipment by Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
*********** A significant concern in laboratory animal medicine is contamination due to pathogen outbreaks and how to adequately decontaminate small equipment. Many factors play a role in the selection of the decontamination method including cost, efficacy, personnel ...
MTSU Professor Researching New Method to Fight Staph Infections on sports equipment
Chlorine dioxide gas used to disinfect football player helmets and shoulder pads. "Bacteria were killed no only on the surface, but in the mesh covering and even into the foam pad beneath."
Use of cl02 in chicken hatcheries - Slide presentation
2000-G chlorine dioxide slow-release gas sachets used. "Generally, embryos are negatively affected by early continuous exposure to ClO2. The adverse effect decreases at later stages of development of embryo. Treatment of hatching eggs in the Treatment of hatching eggs in the hatcher (18-21 days) proven to be safe. Short (12 hour) treatment of eggs in the setter, every time a new batch of eggs is moved in, seems to be also safe. Treatment with the levels of ClO2 safe for eggs seems to be effective in control of Aspergillus contamination."
Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas release rates from dry precursors intended for applied technologies under disparate conditions and their effects on Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes
The diverse food safety issues facing developed countries require innovations to current food safety intervention technologies and chemistries. Severa…
Review of Decontamination Techniques for the Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria Associated with Building or Outdoor Materials
****!!!!****!!!!**** "Spray-applied solutions of ClO2 at measured concentrations of 3000−4000 ppm were effective against B. anthracis on several nonporous building surfaces but ineffective or not consistently effective on porous surfaces and soils" "If porous materials (carpet and particle board) were immersed in a 1000 ppm, 6 LR of B. anthracis was achieved. Improved effcacy through immersion at a lower concentration suggests that the limited effcacy of spray-applied liquids could be due to spray-application parameters (e.g., droplet size or insuffcient number of applications). ****!!!!!*** Perhaps ClO2 in the aqueous phase could be lost through volatilization from spray droplets or from the wetted surface during the application." "Aqueous solutions of ClO2 5000− 6000 mg/L were produced via easy-use product with sodium chlorite and sodium bisulfate. When applied as a ***fog,*** the ClO2 solutions were effective on a number of materials." "spore populations of B. subtilis... effective decontamination using ClO2 gas levels ranging from 350 to 750 ppm. In a series of six small-chamber experiments conducted at either 100 or 200 ppm of ClO2 (75% RH, 24 °C; CTs ranging from 2 to 12 h), several building materials were effectively decontaminated" "aqueous ClO2 can be generated electrochemically using sodium chlorite and sodium bromide." "relatively cooler temperature that may be encountered in a subway system (11 °C), the lower temperature greatly diminished the decontamination effcacy128 In this same study, lowering RH from 75 to 50% (at 24 °C) also greatly reduced effcacy."
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Efficacy of aerosolized chlorine dioxide in reducing pathogenic bacteria on washed carrots - PubMed
{300-400 ppm aerosolized CD for up to 30 mins} This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aerosolized chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on washed carrots at various time durations and conditions. Populations of the bacteria on ca …
Sanitizing radish seeds by simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide, high relative humidity, and mild heat
"Greater amounts of gaseous ClO2 were measured at 23% RH than at 100% RH; however, the lethal activity of gaseous ClO2 against naturally occurring mesophilic aerobic bacteria was significantly enhanced at 100% RH." "Gaseous ClO2 was produced in higher amounts at 55 °C than at 25 °C, but decreased more rapidly over time. The lethal activity of gaseous ClO2 against MAB on radish seeds was greater at 55 °C than at 25 °C."
Forensics Firm Says Disinfectant Foggers Can Damage Electronics
A forensic engineering firm is warning that using foggers to disperse disinfectants — a common practice as businesses reopen after COVID-19 closures — may
Effect of relative humidity on inactivation of foodborne pathogens using chlorine dioxide gas and its residues on tomatoes - PubMed
This study reported on the correlation between the amount of ClO2 residues on produce surfaces and the level of inactivation of pathogens after ClO2 gas treatment. Variations in RH have great effect on the solubilization of ClO2 gas on tomato surfaces considering tha …
Medical Devices and Potential for Utilizing Other Sterilization Modalities
Nov 2019. Specifically for *sterilization*. Clearance under 510(k). "Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) sterilization is a chemical-based sterilization method. The active sterilant is the gas phase of ClO2. The gas phase of ClO2 can readily penetrate device packaging and sterilize medical devices through an oxidative mechanism at low sterilant concentration at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. This sterilization process is validated using the overkill method to achieve a sterility assurance level of 10-6. The residues formed during this sterilization process are chlorine dioxide, chlorates, and chlorite that have low toxicity concerns from the reported literature. Although material compatibility information is limited, ClO2 is not known to be incompatible with the most commonly used materials in medical devices such as stainless steel and some polymers."
Microbial Decontamination with Chlorine Dioxide of a 65-Room New Pharmaceutical Research Facility | Semantic Scholar
The following article describes a case study about decontamination of a 65-room new animal research facility located in the Northeast. The decontamination took place during the cold winter month of January, and all equipment used to run the facility was in place prior to beginning the decontamination. This facility had an essential need for complete decontamination because a lot of its equipment was procured from other facilities and cross-contamination was a concern. Chlorine dioxide gas was used due to the inherent properties of a gas, such as excellent distribution and penetration which were required due to the numerous rooms in the facility. The target concentration was not reached, but since photometric measurement was utilized, the exposure was extended accordingly and the end result was successful. All biological indicators were eradicated, and no residues and no material degradation were observed.
Chlorine Dioxide Gas Decontamination of Large Animal Hospital Intensive and Neonatal Care Units
{ClorDiSys equipment was used} Efficacy of ClO2 as a decontaminant is greatly enhanced at a relative humidity greater than 60% (1990 stu "some ClO2 continued to be sensed outside of the space... level did not exceed the Dräger tube sensitivity of 0.1 ppm. The mean concentration within the ICU/NICU during the decontamination was approximately 40 ppm" "a total ClO2dosage of ~400 ppm-hr was applied over a single evening" "ClO2 is a fairly selective oxidant, which is not expected to react with typical building materials (including wood) or soil. " "Future experiments within controlled spaces are in order to isolate the most significant absorption and/or reaction sites to aid in the practical design of decontaminations"
Whole facility decontamination with Chlorine Dioxide
Mists & foggers not as effective as gas because need line-of-sight contact; 5-100 micron size can't get as good of penetration where 0.5-2 micron organisms can. Ionized foggers has issues with positively charged surfaces such as glass & aluminum. Disinfection requires complete distribution, good penetration, and sufficient contact time at the required concentration.
