2016

{Treatment of stored wheat grain} {PureLine chlorine dioxide used} "Mode of Action of chlorine dioxide against insect pests •Oxidative stress--ClO2 enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside larvae of Tribolium castaneumand Plodiainterpunctella. It also causes more antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin-peroxidase) being synthesized by gene up-regulation. However excess ROS eventually accumulates and imposes oxidative stress to cells, which leads to the lethal effect."

{ClorDiSys Minidox equipment} {Some ppm concentrations may need revision}

Gas treatment: "Place one gallon of water in a pail, hang the battery-powered aerator on the edge and extend the hose with an air stone to the bottom. Place the pail in the center of the truck on the floor, turn on the aerator and place a 100 gram ClO2 tablet into the pail and exit the truck cab, closing vents, doors and windows for five hours or until vapors cease and water is clear. Leaving overnight is ideal. When the ClO2 solution has turned clear, it can be disposed of." Spray/fog treatment: "Between 250 ppm and 500 ppm, and fill a wet fogger or sprayer with the ClO2 solution. Wet fog or lightly spray all surfaces, ceiling to floor, allowing five minutes of wet contact time... Chlorine dioxide can be used in vapor- or a liquid-form, but as a liquid it is more fragile and its effectiveness is vulnerable to sunlight. Once diluted from tablet- to liquid-form, it has a shelf life of up to six months if stored correctly in an air-tight opaque container out of direct sunlight."

Articles about on using chlorine dioxide gas for decontamination by fumigation, including data about effectiveness against pathogens in different environments.

"Our cost for a full interior disinfecting service is 2 ½ cents a square foot. Same as it has been for the last 17 years. It is a $100 minimum for a service call. This includes all buildings 4000 square feet or less."

Area Calculator for Gas/Vapor Treatments and Liquid Solutions for mold, smoke or deodorization. Liquid Solution calculator for Water Tank & Line disinfection. Globally, all in-place made chlorine dioxide is sold in grams of ClO₂ produced and in 100 ppm & 500 ppm generation levels.

2014. {Sabre was the company that did government anthrax fumigation} ***Detailed instructions on fumigation procedures. "C1O2 solution at a concentration level of approximately 1,000-4,000 ppm percent" "minimum temperature of 70° Fahrenheit (F) for at least one hour at all temperaturemonitoring points before introducing C1O2 gas" " three C1O2 precursor chemicals and neutralization chemicals (e.g., 25% sodium hydroxide, 36% sodium bisulfite, 50% hydrogen peroxide, or Erythorbic acid--Note: type and quantity dependent on active scrubbing solution media chosen)" "Dehumidify the building promptly after completion of C1O2 gas removal" "Minimum temperature of 70° F, minimum RH of 70%, and either (a) a minimum C1O2 concentration of 500 ppmv or (b) a minimum C1O2 concentration of 3,000 ppmv at all monitoring locations to start the concentration by time (CT) building exposureclock. Conduct fumigation with a minimum duration of either (a) 12 hours or (b) 3 hours that achieves a minimum CT Clock value of at least 9,000 ppmv-hours at all monitoring locations"

****!!!!****!!!!**** "In comparison, chlorine dioxide required an exposure period of 60 min to reduce both B. atrophaeus and G. stearothermophilus by 5 logs." "For chlorine dioxide treatment, increased the relative humidity within the chamber to 65%." "ClO2 tests at 25°C due to problems with condensation at 35°C on the Minodox/ ClorDiSys/ PrimaTec) photometer lens in the ClO2 generator (external to the chamber and therefore at a lower temperature) causing the decontamination cycle to continually abort." "Recommended (by ClorDiSys) biological indicator to validate processes for ClO2: B. atrophaeus." ***** "The increase in the humidity above that normally found in the chamber may allow the water vapor to microcondense onto surfaces and penetrate into a dried population of microorganisms. Chlorine dioxide readily dissolves in water; if this water has condensed onto the surfaces and surrounds the spores, then there will be greater penetration into the coupons and a quicker kill... Initial slow reduction in survival fraction may be a lack of penetration of water vapor during the preconditioning and conditioning phases, followed by absorption of the ClO2 into the dried spore population on the coupons." [???]

2016

"Comparison of liquid vs. gas showed a 3.7 log reduction with liquid CD and a 7.4 log reduction with gaseous CD with equal concentrations and exposure times" "The (ClorDiSys) Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Proces"

"CD was highly efficacious in reducing B. subtillis spores onpaper, plastic, epoxy-coated stainless steel, and wood surfaces(7). In addition, no corrosion was observed when using pharmaceutical-type materials such as 316 and 304 series stain-less steel, Lexan, and other commonly used plastics includingDelrin, Teflon, UHMWPE, Viton, and PVC (8). In a separatestudy, postexposure rinses of 304 stainless steel coupons inwater-for-injection showed no residual CD when measuredwith a high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for chlo-ride detection"

"Aeration time for this project was on average between 45 and 60 minutes, which matched the calculated and published aeration times. [18][19][20][21] CD gas is an oxidizer, but when it is produced with a dry gas and used as a gas, it is not corrosive as gases in solutions typically are. Solutions of CD gas are typically corrosive due to the acids and sodium chlorite involved."

methods utilized for the decontamination of Class II biological safety cabinets (BSCs).

Chlorine dioxide. "The target concentration was not reached, but since photometric measurement was utilized, the exposure was extended accordingly and the end result was successful."

{includes ClorDiSys info} "Due to the selective oxidizing nature of chlorine dioxide it only reacts with molecules that are highly reduced (alcohols, alde-hydes, ketones, tertiary amines, and sulfur containing amino acids) which allows its activity to be much less influenced by organic soil loads" "Fumigation/ vapor: 360-1,800 ppm for 0.5-2 hours" "container of CD with fish tank bubbler to accelerate off gassing and a pump to circulate the gas. Although this method generated low levels of GCD--less than 500 ppm), with extended exposure times a successful decontamination" "Relative humidity of 80% increased efficacy, resulting in much shorter exposure time" "when GCD is generated by off gassing from liquid chlorine dioxide, corrosion of non-coated metal surfaces was observed after repeated exposure"

{Helpful basic info on chlorine dioxide} Fast disinfection of spaces (including inside equipment) using chlorine dioxide gas

Small chamber experiments were used to study the consumption of gaseous chlorine dioxide and corresponding release of building disinfection by-products (BDBPs) for 24 common building materials. Test materials were exposed to a standard chlorine dioxide concentration of 700 ppm at a temperature of 24°C and RH of 75% for a 16 hour disinfection period. For most materials, the chlorine dioxide deposition velocity (vd) decreased significantly in the first 2 to 3 hours, indicating rapid consumption of reactive species on the surface of materials. The total BDBP mass released per unit area of material varied by over an order of magnitude between materials and did not correlate with chlorine dioxide deposition velocities.

******** {Some calculations and conclusions may need verification}

********** "Both the total microscopic count and the PCR count obtained for air samples decreased significantly. This could be caused by direct reduction of spores in the air or reduction of spores on surfaces that would serve as the source for the airborne spores. However, no decrease was observed in the semiquantitative analysis of amount of spores and hyphae in the stickytape samples collected from surfaces."