"Results show that B. cereus spores in biofilms are more resistant to gaseous ClO2 than are attached spores not in biofilms. Gaseous ClO2 was, nevertheless, very effective in killing B. cereus spores in biofilm on the surface of stainless steel. Results show promise for application of gaseous ClO2 to enhance the microbiological safety of foods that may come in contact with stainless steel and possibly other hard surfaces on which B. cereus biofilms have formed. "

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a novel and effective fumigation agent with strong oxidization ability and a broad biocidal spectrum. The antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas has been evaluated in many previous studies. However, there are presently no published models that can be used to describe the k …

"...Though the perchlorate ion has been identified as a degradation product in the treatment of fruits and vegetables with gaseous ClO2, Smith et al. confirmed “in the presence of a chlorine dioxide sink and in the absence of light, perchlorate formation from chlorine dioxide is nil” and “the formation of chlorate and perchlorate can be minimized or essentially eliminated ... if chlorine dioxide sanitation processes are protected from light” "As it comes into contact with food surfaces, chlorine dioxide gas will be consumed by the oxidation of organic matter and micro-organisms present on food. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen when released to the atmosphere." "In-line with the results of Lee, we conservatively estimate that the residual chlorite concentration is approximately 70% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction and that residual chlorate concentration is approximately 15% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction. The reaction’s remaining 15% can be categorized as minor reaction products." "Chlorine, however, will rapidly be broken down in reactions with ultraviolet light or other atmospheric particles to form the chloride particle. "

...At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted

Surface contamination in hospitals is involved in the transmission of pathogens in a proportion of healthcare-associated infections. Admission to a room previously occupied by a patient colonized or infected with certain nosocomial pathogens increases the risk of acquisition by subsequent occupants; thus, there is a need to improve terminal disinfection of these patient rooms. Conventional disinfection methods may be limited by reliance on the operator to ensure appropriate selection, formulation, distribution and contact time of the agent.

The HPV system was safer, faster and more effective for biological inactivation.

{Includes choosing fogger.} Selectrocide at 100 ppm. Makes Chlorine-matched comparative assessment of the antimicrobial activities ...

Recently, global public health organizations such as Doctors without Borders (MSF), the World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Canada, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. government developed and deployed Field Decontamination Kits (FDKs), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa ...The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO2) produced from a patented invention developed by researchers at the US Army Natick Soldier RD&E Center (NSRDEC) ...We review the properties and structures of spores and the mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by ClO2... and present in detail assays using spore bio-indicators to ensure sterility when decontaminating with ClO2.

There is a stated Army need for a field-portable, non-steam sterilizer technology that can be used by Forward Surgical Teams, Dental Companies, Veterinary Service Support Detachments, Combat Support Hospitals, and Area Medical Laboratories to sterilize surgical instruments and to sterilize pathologi …

***** "The ClO2 gas concentration, RH and exposure time all significantly and positively correlated with the inactivation of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores." "...can predict a ClO2 gas treatment condition to achieve an effective sterilization of enclosed space"

{Disinfecting from anthrax} "Twenty-seven pilot-scale tests were conducted overall. Test surfaces, or coupons, were typical indoor and outdoor building materials and included carpet, ceiling tile, concrete, glass, laminate, painted wallboard (PWB) paper, galvanized metal, and wood. Known amounts of B. atrophaeus spores were inoculated onto the material coupons, and then the coupons were placed in three locations in a mock office: under a desk, on top of a desk, and above the ceiling tiles (one ceiling tile was removed to allow for fog distribution). The chlorine-based decontamination solutions investigated were pH-adjusted bleach (pAB), diluted bleach (1 in 4 dilution), sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dichlor), and aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2)."

{*Chlorine dioxide cycles.} End of production cleaning and disinfection is selective to food contact surfaces and can lead to the potential survival of micro-organisms in the wider environment. Whole room disinfection enables difficult-to-reach places to be thoroughly disinfected, as Dr Karen Middleton, of Campden BRI, explains

ABSTRACT: Acidified Oxine (AO) is a mixture of chlorite and chlorine dioxide. At 7.8 ppm available chlorine dioxide (ACD) for 10 min, it reduced 7.4 log CFU/mL of Erwinia carotovora, a potato pathogen, in phosphate buffer. Exposing potatoes to air purged through AO solutions proportionally reduced inoculated E. carotovora. A 40% reduction of spoilage was achieved by exposing to AO of 100 ppm ACD under an accelerated test. AO was demonstrated to be potentially effective in preventing potato spoilage without any significant risks of chemical residual or change of skin color.

Request PDF | Evaluation of Ambulance Decontamination Using Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide | Abstract Objective. We evaluated gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) decontamination of an ambulance using a variety of bacterial biological agents.... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

"Three gaseous decontamination technologies are examined for their suitability in reducing environmental contamination with C. difficile: gaseous hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Air decontamination and UV-based technologies are also briefly described. We conclude that while there is a role to play for these new technologies in the decontamination of ward surfaces contaminated with C. difficile, the requirement for both a preclean before use and the limited 'in vivo' evidence means that extensive field trials are necessary to determine their cost-effectiveness in a healthcare setting."

A Head-to-Head Comparison of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor and Aerosol Room Decontamination Systems - Volume 32 Issue 9 - T. Holmdahl, P. Lanbeck, M. Wullt, M. H. Walder

Experts agree that careful cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces are essential elements of effective infection prevention programs. However, traditional manual cleaning and disinfection practices in hospitals are often suboptimal. This is often due in part to a variety of personnel issues that many Environmental Services departments encounter. Failure to follow manufacturer’s recommendations for disinfectant use and lack of antimicrobial activity of some disinfectants against healthcare-associated pathogens may also affect the efficacy of disinfection practices. Improved hydrogen peroxide-based liquid surface disinfectants and a combination product containing peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are effective alternatives to disinfectants currently in widespread use, and electrolyzed water (hypochlorous acid) and cold atmospheric pressure plasma show potential for use in hospitals. Creating “self-disinfecting” surfaces by coating medical equipment with metals such as copper or silver, or applying liquid compounds that have persistent antimicrobial activity surfaces are additional strategies that require further investigation. Newer “no-touch” (automated) decontamination technologies include aerosol and vaporized hydrogen peroxide, mobile devices that emit continuous ultraviolet (UV-C) light, a pulsed-xenon UV light system, and use of high-intensity narrow-spectrum (405 nm) light. These “no-touch” technologies have been shown to reduce bacterial contamination of surfaces. A micro-condensation hydrogen peroxide system has been associated in multiple studies with reductions in healthcare-associated colonization or infection, while there is more limited evidence of infection reduction by the pulsed-xenon system. A recently completed prospective, randomized controlled trial of continuous UV-C light should help determine the extent to which this technology can reduce healthcare-associated colonization and infections. In conclusion, continued efforts to improve traditional manual disinfection of surfaces are needed. In addition, Environmental Services departments should consider the use of newer disinfectants and no-touch decontamination technologies to improve disinfection of surfaces in healthcare.

To evaluate the ability of ClO2 to decontaminate pathogens known to cause healthcare-associated infections in a hospital room strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Staphylococcus aureus were spot placed in duplicate pairs at 10 site …

Up to 10-log reductions were achieved in an ambulance interior following exposure to ClO2, indicating that gas concentrations needed to mitigate biological agent contamination can be achieved and maintained safely in an ambulance. Future studies are ongoing to evaluate gaseous ClO2 in other environm …

**Links to several studies-This study assessed the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis in a hospital patient care suite. Spore and vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2, spores of Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 and vegetative cells of both Francisella tularensis ATCC 6223 and Yersinia pestis A1122 were exposed to gaseous chlorine dioxide in a patient care suite. Organism inactivation was then assessed by log reduction in viable organisms postexposure to chlorine dioxide gas compared to non-exposed control organism. Hospital room decontamination protocols utilizing chlorine dioxide gas concentrations of 377 to 385 ppm maintained to exposures of 767 ppm-hours with 65% relative humidity consistently achieved complete inactivation of B. anthracis and B. atrophaeus spores, as well as vegetative cells of B. anthracis, F. tularensis, and Y. pestis. Decrease in exposure (ppm-hours) and relative humidity (<65%) or restricting airflow reduced inactivation but achieved >8 log reductions in organisms. Up to 10-log reductions were achieved in a hospital room with limited impact on adjacent areas, indicating chlorine dioxide concentrations needed for decontamination of highly concentrated (>6 logs) organisms can be achieved throughout a hospital room. This study translates laboratory chlorine dioxide fumigation studies applied in a complex clinical environment.

CD treatment of indoor furnishings contaminated with bioterrorism agents is poorly understood. Efficacy testing of decontamination products in a controlled environment is needed to ensure that effective methods are used to decontaminate domestic and workplace settings. An experimental room supplied with materials used in office furnishings (i.e., wood laminate, painted metal, and vinyl tile) was used with controlled dry aerosol releases of endospores of Bacillus atrophaeus (“ Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger ,” also referred to as BG), a Bacillus anthracis surrogate. Studies were performed using two test products, a foam decontaminant and chlorine dioxide gas. Surface samples were collected pre- and posttreatment with three sampling methods and analyzed by culture and quantitative PCR (QPCR). Additional aerosol releases with environmental background present on the surface materials were also conducted to determine if there was any interference with decontamination or sample analysis. Culture results indicated that 105 to 106 CFU per sample were present on surfaces before decontamination. After decontamination with the foam, no culturable B. atrophaeus spores were detected. After decontamination with chlorine dioxide gas, no culturable B. atrophaeus was detected in 24 of 27 samples (89%). However, QPCR analysis showed that B. atrophaeus DNA was still present after decontamination with both methods. Environmental background material had no apparent effect on decontamination, but inhibition of the QPCR assay was observed. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of two decontamination methods and illustrate the utility of surface sampling and QPCR analysis for the evaluation of decontamination strategies.

CD fumigation at 200 and 3,000 ppm

GermBlast specializes in disinfection and cleaning of homes and businesses. Our industry leading services kill viruses and bacteria.

SAN ANTONIO - School districts across the San Antonio area are responding to concerns over the coronavirus. East Central ISD is one of several school districts to send messages to parents saying it is preparing for the coronavirus. Local school districts address parents' concerns over coronavirus. “The students know that we are being proactive and so do the parents,” said Brandon Oliver, communications director for East Central ISD.

Vineland Public Schools Superintendent Mary Gruccio said she is drafting an action plan for possible extended school closures due to COVID-19.

UPDATE — A team of specially trained Alabama National Guard troops is expected Saturday at the Bill Nichols State Veterans Home as part of a mission to stop the spread of the COVID-19 virus at nursing homes around the state. In a news release issued today, the state Department of Public Health said Guard troops will be disinfecting nursing homes where patients and employees have tested positive for COVID-19 and will train staff at the homes in the proper use of personal protective equipment. Read more.