{Includes observation of CD effect on biofilm}

A forensic engineering firm is warning that using foggers to disperse disinfectants — a common practice as businesses reopen after COVID-19 closures — may

Claims that badges can protect wearers from coronavirus and a cannabis treatment fact-checked.

Quick response method of CLO2 disinfection stick to remove home odorInstructions for chlorine dioxide disinfector，Forma

This study reported on the correlation between the amount of ClO2 residues on produce surfaces and the level of inactivation of pathogens after ClO2 gas treatment. Variations in RH have great effect on the solubilization of ClO2 gas on tomato surfaces considering tha …

Nov 2019. Specifically for *sterilization*. Clearance under 510(k). "Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) sterilization is a chemical-based sterilization method. The active sterilant is the gas phase of ClO2. The gas phase of ClO2 can readily penetrate device packaging and sterilize medical devices through an oxidative mechanism at low sterilant concentration at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. This sterilization process is validated using the overkill method to achieve a sterility assurance level of 10-6. The residues formed during this sterilization process are chlorine dioxide, chlorates, and chlorite that have low toxicity concerns from the reported literature. Although material compatibility information is limited, ClO2 is not known to be incompatible with the most commonly used materials in medical devices such as stainless steel and some polymers."

The following article describes a case study about decontamination of a 65-room new animal research facility located in the Northeast. The decontamination took place during the cold winter month of January, and all equipment used to run the facility was in place prior to beginning the decontamination. This facility had an essential need for complete decontamination because a lot of its equipment was procured from other facilities and cross-contamination was a concern. Chlorine dioxide gas was used due to the inherent properties of a gas, such as excellent distribution and penetration which were required due to the numerous rooms in the facility. The target concentration was not reached, but since photometric measurement was utilized, the exposure was extended accordingly and the end result was successful. All biological indicators were eradicated, and no residues and no material degradation were observed.

{ClorDiSys equipment was used} Efficacy of ClO2 as a decontaminant is greatly enhanced at a relative humidity greater than 60% (1990 stu "some ClO2 continued to be sensed outside of the space... level did not exceed the Dräger tube sensitivity of 0.1 ppm. The mean concentration within the ICU/NICU during the decontamination was approximately 40 ppm" "a total ClO2dosage of ~400 ppm-hr was applied over a single evening" "ClO2 is a fairly selective oxidant, which is not expected to react with typical building materials (including wood) or soil. " "Future experiments within controlled spaces are in order to isolate the most significant absorption and/or reaction sites to aid in the practical design of decontaminations"

Mists & foggers not as effective as gas because need line-of-sight contact; 5-100 micron size can't get as good of penetration where 0.5-2 micron organisms can. Ionized foggers has issues with positively charged surfaces such as glass & aluminum. Disinfection requires complete distribution, good penetration, and sufficient contact time at the required concentration.

Spectrometer allows easy measure of chlorine dioxide because it's green. Odor makes even minor leaks self-alerting

Sterilization with ClorDiSys chlorine dioxide gas. Safe, corrosion free method. Destroy microbes, beta lactams, PCR amplicons and more. See our brochure.

Prehumidification, ultrasonic nebulization, times, concentrations. Bacillus subtilis subsp niger. 1989

Several airborne disinfectant technologies described. Gaseous chlorine dioxide is mentioned but didn't have FDA approvals as of 2008.

Chlorine dioxide gas decontamination applications within the medical device industry.

Selection of sensors ranging from $400-$2,300

"Results show that B. cereus spores in biofilms are more resistant to gaseous ClO2 than are attached spores not in biofilms. Gaseous ClO2 was, nevertheless, very effective in killing B. cereus spores in biofilm on the surface of stainless steel. Results show promise for application of gaseous ClO2 to enhance the microbiological safety of foods that may come in contact with stainless steel and possibly other hard surfaces on which B. cereus biofilms have formed. "

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a novel and effective fumigation agent with strong oxidization ability and a broad biocidal spectrum. The antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas has been evaluated in many previous studies. However, there are presently no published models that can be used to describe the k …

"...Though the perchlorate ion has been identified as a degradation product in the treatment of fruits and vegetables with gaseous ClO2, Smith et al. confirmed “in the presence of a chlorine dioxide sink and in the absence of light, perchlorate formation from chlorine dioxide is nil” and “the formation of chlorate and perchlorate can be minimized or essentially eliminated ... if chlorine dioxide sanitation processes are protected from light” "As it comes into contact with food surfaces, chlorine dioxide gas will be consumed by the oxidation of organic matter and micro-organisms present on food. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen when released to the atmosphere." "In-line with the results of Lee, we conservatively estimate that the residual chlorite concentration is approximately 70% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction and that residual chlorate concentration is approximately 15% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction. The reaction’s remaining 15% can be categorized as minor reaction products." "Chlorine, however, will rapidly be broken down in reactions with ultraviolet light or other atmospheric particles to form the chloride particle. "

...At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted

Surface contamination in hospitals is involved in the transmission of pathogens in a proportion of healthcare-associated infections. Admission to a room previously occupied by a patient colonized or infected with certain nosocomial pathogens increases the risk of acquisition by subsequent occupants; thus, there is a need to improve terminal disinfection of these patient rooms. Conventional disinfection methods may be limited by reliance on the operator to ensure appropriate selection, formulation, distribution and contact time of the agent.

The HPV system was safer, faster and more effective for biological inactivation.

{Includes choosing fogger.} Selectrocide at 100 ppm. Makes Chlorine-matched comparative assessment of the antimicrobial activities ...

Recently, global public health organizations such as Doctors without Borders (MSF), the World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Canada, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. government developed and deployed Field Decontamination Kits (FDKs), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa ...The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO2) produced from a patented invention developed by researchers at the US Army Natick Soldier RD&E Center (NSRDEC) ...We review the properties and structures of spores and the mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by ClO2... and present in detail assays using spore bio-indicators to ensure sterility when decontaminating with ClO2.

There is a stated Army need for a field-portable, non-steam sterilizer technology that can be used by Forward Surgical Teams, Dental Companies, Veterinary Service Support Detachments, Combat Support Hospitals, and Area Medical Laboratories to sterilize surgical instruments and to sterilize pathologi …

***** "The ClO2 gas concentration, RH and exposure time all significantly and positively correlated with the inactivation of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores." "...can predict a ClO2 gas treatment condition to achieve an effective sterilization of enclosed space"

{Disinfecting from anthrax} "Twenty-seven pilot-scale tests were conducted overall. Test surfaces, or coupons, were typical indoor and outdoor building materials and included carpet, ceiling tile, concrete, glass, laminate, painted wallboard (PWB) paper, galvanized metal, and wood. Known amounts of B. atrophaeus spores were inoculated onto the material coupons, and then the coupons were placed in three locations in a mock office: under a desk, on top of a desk, and above the ceiling tiles (one ceiling tile was removed to allow for fog distribution). The chlorine-based decontamination solutions investigated were pH-adjusted bleach (pAB), diluted bleach (1 in 4 dilution), sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dichlor), and aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2)."

{*Chlorine dioxide cycles.} End of production cleaning and disinfection is selective to food contact surfaces and can lead to the potential survival of micro-organisms in the wider environment. Whole room disinfection enables difficult-to-reach places to be thoroughly disinfected, as Dr Karen Middleton, of Campden BRI, explains