{Chlorine dioxide application in air via humidifier} " The efficacy of a given aerosolized biocide when used within a specific application will be dependent on the design of the aerosolization device and, hence, standardization of output (fog rate and droplet size) as well as the volume and topography of the environment to be decontaminated."

2020. Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a promising sanitizer for frozen products because of its efficacy under nonthermal and waterless conditions. Our pilot‐scale treatment of blueberries demonstrated t...

The Tufts New England Regional Biosafety Laboratory facility has been using chlorine dioxide gas for >5 years, and >100 decontaminations have been done at the r...

Chlorine dioxide gas decontamination services

Contamination control and biodecontamination articles, including related to COVID-19.

Contamination control and biodecontamination.

Hydrogen Peroxide is more corrosive to computers than chlorine dioxide.

Spore strips used to verify decontamination cycle's efficacy in water bottles, closed cabinets, HEPA air filters, laboratory cage lids, packed storage rooms, and medical isolators; and underneath equipment and dust.

Process description for chlorine dioxide gas decontamination

"...a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa (medical waste materials are placed in bags and burned). The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO2)" "NSRDEC research scientists developed an ensemble of ClO2 technologies designed for different applications in decontaminating fresh produce; food contact and handling surfaces; personal protective equipment; textiles used in clothing, uniforms, tents, and shelters; graywater recycling; airplanes; surgical instruments; and hard surfaces in latrines, laundries, and deployable medical facilities. These examples demonstrate the far-reaching impact, adaptability, and versatility of these innovative technologies."

Chlorine dioxide gas used to disinfect football player helmets and shoulder pads. "Bacteria were killed no only on the surface, but in the mesh covering and even into the foam pad beneath."

"Researchers at the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center here, invented a next-generation disinfectant system that... is being used to sterilize medical equipment and electronic items used in the treatment of patients on the front lines of the war on Ebola in West Africa." "An important exponent of ClO2 is its versatility as a disinfectant suitable for any industry, ranging from textiles, medicine, wastewater treatment and public health, to food safety, personal hygiene, and household uses. ClO2 can be activated in small or large quantities and in varying strength levels from potent enough to sterilize medical instruments to mild enough to use in toothpaste to fight off germs in the mouth. " "Unlike other methods of preparing chlorine dioxide, no electricity or caustic acids are needed to activate the powdered ClO2, nor is clean water required, making it ideal for use in remote field locations."

{Applications at various Relative Humidity} Based on past remediation efforts, it is generally accepted that in order to achieve adequate kill, chlorine dioxide fumigation of a building requires a minimum relative humidity (RH) of about 65%, with a target ClO2 concentration and exposure time of 750 ppmv for 12 hours, for a total concentration of 9000 ppmv-hrs (CT). Other researchers have recommended a RH of greater than 70% for ClO2 concentrations between 125 and 10550 ppmv. Under current EPA guidelines, applications of ClO2 for building remediation require 75% relative humidity and an exposure of 9000 ppmv-hrs. {Includes info on corrosion mitigation.}

Maverick Transportation's Greg Johnsen is petitioning TMC to update their recommended practices for truck cab sanitizing in hopes to help combat COVID-19.

"...Though the perchlorate ion has been identified as a degradation product in the treatment of fruits and vegetables with gaseous ClO2, Smith et al. confirmed “in the presence of a chlorine dioxide sink and in the absence of light, perchlorate formation from chlorine dioxide is nil” and “the formation of chlorate and perchlorate can be minimized or essentially eliminated ... if chlorine dioxide sanitation processes are protected from light” "As it comes into contact with food surfaces, chlorine dioxide gas will be consumed by the oxidation of organic matter and micro-organisms present on food. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen when released to the atmosphere." "In-line with the results of Lee, we conservatively estimate that the residual chlorite concentration is approximately 70% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction and that residual chlorate concentration is approximately 15% of chlorine dioxide consumed in-reaction. The reaction’s remaining 15% can be categorized as minor reaction products." "Chlorine, however, will rapidly be broken down in reactions with ultraviolet light or other atmospheric particles to form the chloride particle. "

{Gives doses for air applications in ppm and grams of PureVista tablets for fumigation and other uses} "Placing (1) PureVista 100 (100 g/3.53 oz.) into 4 liters/1 gallon of water provides 2,000 ppm solution. "

if('undefined' != typeof fbuilderjQuery) { delete(fbuilderjQuery.fbuilderGeneratorFlag); fbuilderjQuery.fbuilderjQueryGenerator(); } Area CalculatorTank & Line CalculatorArea Calculator form_structure_1=[[{

Sodium chlorite to make chlorine dioxide against avian influenza

{This study seems to actually report the concentration of chlorine dioxide in the liquid solution used, rather than the air in the gas chamber} "Chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 ppm or 1,000 ppm was created according to the instructions of the manufacturer in the gas chamber through the use of 6 g Aseptrol S10-Tab tablets (Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey) dissolved in distilled water. The gas chamber was then sealed for 24 h at room temperature under a fume hood."

The facility was appropriately sealed, supplied with gas distribution mechanisms and demonstrated to have met the specification for humidity before introduction of ClO2. The total exposure for this ***4800 cubic meters structure was approximately 400 ppm-hr. *** "Most of the sealing was performed on exterior surfaces. All vents or potentially leaky seams along the roof, which included vents adjacent to roof gutters and ridge vents, were sealed using combinations of caulk, expanding foam, duct tape and adhesive films. The exhaust and air supply units for the building were deactivated and their associated vents on the exterior walls and roof were sealed."

**** "Spinach samples exposed to ClO2 gas for 30 min actually achieved less reduction than did the water wash, and 1 h exposure reduced Salmonella only 0.6 CFU/g, somewhat but not significantly less than water.**** When chlorine dioxide was used on tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella, reductions of 2.94 and 3.86 log were obtained with 8 mg/L for 60 s or 10 mg/L for 120s, respectively... similar results, achieving a more than 5 log reduction in Salmonella on innoculated tomato skin surfaces after treatment with 0.5 mg/L ClO2 gas for 12 min."

"Incorporation of three commercially available decontaminant technologies [including chlorine dioxide] into a SAP gel promotes inactivation of B. anthracis spores without observable physical damage to the test surface."

Experiments were designed to study chlorine dioxide (CD) gas sterilization under square-wave conditions. By using controlled humidity, gas concentration, and temperature at atmospheric pressure, standard biological indicators (BIs) and spore disks of environmental isolates were exposed to CD gas. The sporicidal activity of CD gas was found to be concentration dependent. *Prehumidification enhanced the CD activity.* The D values (time required for 90% inactivation) of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger ATCC 9372 BIs were estimated to be 1.5, 2.5, and 4.2 min when exposed to CD concentrations of 30, 15, and 7 mg/liter, respectively, at 23°C and ambient (20 to 40%) relative humidity (RH). Survivor tailings were observed. Prehumidification of BIs to 70 to 75% RH in an environmental chamber for 30 min resulted in a D value of 1.6 min after exposure to a concentration of 6 to 7 mg of CD per liter at 23°C and eliminated survivor tailing. Prolonging prehumidification at 70 to 75% RH for up to 16 h did not further improve the inactivation rate. Prehumidification by ultrasonic nebulization was found to be more effective than prehumidification in the environmental chamber. Based on the current observations, CD gas is estimated, on a molar concentration basis, to be 1,075 times more potent than ethylene oxide as a sterilant at 30°C.

Chlorine dioxide gas decontamination applications within the medical device industry.

Mists & foggers not as effective as gas because need line-of-sight contact; 5-100 micron size can't get as good of penetration where 0.5-2 micron organisms can. Ionized foggers has issues with positively charged surfaces such as glass & aluminum. Disinfection requires complete distribution, good penetration, and sufficient contact time at the required concentration.

The following article describes a case study about decontamination of a 65-room new animal research facility located in the Northeast. The decontamination took place during the cold winter month of January, and all equipment used to run the facility was in place prior to beginning the decontamination. This facility had an essential need for complete decontamination because a lot of its equipment was procured from other facilities and cross-contamination was a concern. Chlorine dioxide gas was used due to the inherent properties of a gas, such as excellent distribution and penetration which were required due to the numerous rooms in the facility. The target concentration was not reached, but since photometric measurement was utilized, the exposure was extended accordingly and the end result was successful. All biological indicators were eradicated, and no residues and no material degradation were observed.

Chlorine Dioxide Cup Odor Removal System releases 15 to 20 ppm (parts per million) for the first two hours, and 5 ppm for another hour. After 5-6 hours, there will be zero ppm in your vehicle.

After decontamination with chlorine dioxide gas, no culturable B. atrophaeus was detected in 24 of 27 samples (89%). However, QPCR analysis showed that B. atrophaeus DNA was still present after decontamination with both methods. Environmental background material had no apparent effect on decontamination

{Includes observation of CD effect on biofilm}

Acute gastroenteritis caused by human norovirus is a significant public health issue. Fresh produce and seafood are examples of high-risk foods associated with norovirus outbreaks. Food contact surfaces also have the potential to harbor noroviruses if exposed to fecal contamination, aerosolized vomitus, or infected food handlers. Currently, there is no effective measure to decontaminate norovirus on food contact surfaces. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a strong oxidizer and is used as a decontaminating agent in food processing plants. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetic...