Air CD Disinf--Low Concentrations

2010. The preventive effect against influenza-like illness by low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas was examined among Japan Ground Self Defense Force soldiers and civilians at a particular camp. The chlorine dioxide gas-exposed group consisted of all individuals who worked in a particular building, and the unexposed group consisted of all individuals who worked inthe neighboring building. Results showed that the relative risk of influenza-like illness after chlorine dioxide gas exposure was 0.32(95% confidence interval between 0.15 and 0.69), although the vaccination rate in the exposed group was lower than the unexposed group. This result suggests that chlorine dioxide gas has preventive effects against influenza-like illness. {Translations at end of this page, and at translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjsei%2F25%2F5%2F25_5_277%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja }

Reference list of disinfectants to use on objects contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 includes Chlorine Dioxide as a disinfectant for indoor air (Does not specify whether for use in occupied or unoccupied areas), and as a disinfectant for surfaces of environmental objects at 500 mg/L.

(2020) {Airborne use of Chlorine Dioxide mentioned as approved for poultry hatcheries} {Includes concentrations & contact times for pathogens.} Mentioned: In egg room: *** "Humidification water is treated with 40 ppm of available chlorine dioxide to prevent the build-up and airborne spread of odor-causing microorganisms." -- In incubator room: *** "20 ppm of available chlorine dioxide is added to water in the humidification system or the air filters are sprayed with a 100 ppm solution of available chlorine dioxide to reduce airborne bacterial contamination." ***

2010. Up to 4 mg/L of chlorine dioxide gas (generated from gel and solution) was emitted into occupied areas of a dental office, including an operating room, for workday. Air conditioning unit with plasma filter and high-efficiency particulate filter were also tested. After office closing, areas were checked for levels of fallen airborne microbes. Patterns of decontamination effectiveness were evaluated.

2013. The elevator used in the present study had a volume of 4.5 m3. Thus, to satisfy the 8-h TWA limit of 0.3 mg/m3, fumigation was performed using a 5.4 mL ClO2 solution (250 mg/L). The ClO2 solution was applied using a simple handheld spraying device... The results suggest that for a maximum of five individuals within the elevator, the ClO2 application process should be repeated at 40-min intervals in order to meet the air quality requirements of the Taiwan EPA. Pathogens tested were bacteria and fungi.

****!!!!***!!!*** (2017) {Includes CD bond specs for liquid & gas phases.} ***Disinfection using such low-concentration ClO2 gas does not require evacuation of people, and could be used to disinfect room air in the simultaneous presence of people.*** It is demonstrated that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas of extremely low concentrations that have no toxic effect to animals has strong anti-microbial activity against infectious microbes, such as bacteria and viruses... The use of ClO2 gas at very low concentrations may open new avenue of disinfection systems of room air without requiring evacuation of people. This review presents the details of the disinfection system of ClO2 gas." "The use of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas is also useful in prevention of mosquito-related infective diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, given that this concentration of ClO2 gas has a repellent effect against mosquitoes" "rats exposed to 0.1 ppm ClO2 gas for 24 h/day and 7 days/week for a period of 6 months were completely healthy " "rate of killing increases along with the increase in relative humidity. "

****!!!!****!!!!**** 2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. In one set of experiments, a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage ΦX174 were released into an exposure chamber. When ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present in the chamber, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. The reductions were markedly greater than the natural reductions of the microbes in the chamber. In another experiment, the numbers of viable airborne bacteria in the operating room of a hospital collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas at extremely low concentrations (≤0.03 ppm) can reduce the number of viable microbes floating in the air in a room. These results strongly support the potential use of ClO2 gas at a non-toxic level to reduce infections caused by the inhalation of pathogenic microbes in nursing homes and medical facilities.

June 2020. Low levels of chlorine dioxide gas didn't harm human Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) test cells.

1990. {At low ppm for only a few seconds} The inactivation of single-particle stocks of human (type 2, Wa) and simian (SA-11) rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide was investigated. Experiments were conducted at 4 degrees C in a standard phosphate-carbonate buffer. Both virus types were rapidly inactivated, within 20 s under alkaline conditions, when chlorine dioxide concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/liter were used. Similar reductions of 10(5)-fold in infectivity required additional exposure time of 120 s at 0.2 mg/liter for Wa and at 0.5 mg/liter for SA-11, respectively, at pH 6.0. The inactivation of both virus types was moderate at neutral pH, and the sensitivities to chlorine dioxide were similar. The observed enhancement of virucidal efficiency with increasing pH was contrary to earlier findings with chlorine- and ozone-treated rotavirus particles, where efficiencies decreased with increasing alkalinity.

2015. In this study, Dioxy MP 14, a locally developed form of chlorine dioxide, was tested in a commercial chicken pen to determine its effectiveness as an airborne environmental sanitizing agent. The biocide was introduced via an overhead misting system with a variable dosing pump. Results show a decrease in airborne microbial load and a significantly higher egg productivity rate at a 5% level in the treated pen.

2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. Air concentration levels were 0.01-0.03 ppm. In test chamber, ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. In the operating room of a hospital, viable airborne bacteria collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively.

2016. {Different concentrations and times against different influenza strains.} " Chlorine dioxide may best be used to restore a poultry house to a virus-free state following evidence of influenza infection,"

Feb 2020. Research here was to evaluate the possibility of using an extremely low-concentration gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2, 0.01 ppmv, 0.028 mg/m3) as a technique to reduce the risk of environmental infection by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). In this study we set up an exposure chamber (1 m3) and used three types of GNB, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. The extremely low-concentration gaseous ClO2 inactivated E. coli (&gt; 2 log10 reductions, within 2 h), P. aeruginosa (&gt; 4 log10 reductions, within 2 h) and A. baumannii (&gt; 2 log10 reductions, within 3 h) in wet conditions on glass dishes. Treatment of *moist* environments with extremely low-concentration gaseous ClO2 may help to reduce the risk of environmental infection by GNB without harmful effects.

(2013). The cafeteria had a volume of 2375 m3. Thus, to satisfy the 8-hr TWA limit of 0.3 mg/m3, disinfection was performed using 250 mg/L ClO2 solution. In performing the disinfection process, the ClO2 solution was equally divided among six ultrasonic aerosol devices (i.e., less than 0.475 L per container)

Answer: IMO, you should not. A small amount (1–2 drops) of bleach may sterilize the humidifier, but enough to evaporate chlorine to sterilize the room is dangerous to you. It would be interesting to find out if coronavirus were destroyed in rooms around indoor pools, where the chlorination makes...

2020. According to European recommendations and formulated on the basis of the list of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and the opinion of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), chlorine dioxide is on the list of virucidal substances, effective against COVID-19, on surfaces and as an aerosol. Conclusion. The results of scientific studies on the biocidal properties of chlorine dioxide indicate that its use, at concentrations lower than those harmful to the human body, is an effective method of controlling viruses in the air and on surfaces.

ClO2 based products for cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and air though wetting/wiping surfaces, spraying, fogging, **humidifying**, ClO2 gas generation.

****!!!!*** 2016. "The assay showed complete hemagglutinin inhibition and therefore protection for influenza virusesin just thirty minutes of exposure. These results show that chlorine dioxide has high potential for a successful preventative treatment in poultry flocks. The granular form, which involves the chlorine dioxide compound and an oxidizing agent, is more advantageous than other methods of distributing chlorine dioxide treatment. This method of release for chlorine dioxide could be directly placed beneath the floor of poultry farm cages and be used as an ongoing method of prevention."

(2010). Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has a strong antiviral effect, and can disinfect the surface of object and the air in space. In recent study on interaction between ClO2 and protein, ClO2 oxidatively modified tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and the pro-tein was structurally denatured. Since hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus A/H1N1 were inactivated by the reaction with ClO2, it is likely that denaturation of the proteins caused inactivation of the virus. A low concentration (0.03 ppm) of ClO2 gas, where people can stay for a long period of time without any harmful effect, prevented the death of mice (0 of 10 mice versus 7 of 10 in controls) caused by infection of influenza virus delivered as aerosol. We review current information based on the efficiency of ClO2 solution and gas, and also discuss the application of ClO2 against influenza pandemics outbreak.

2017. Reliability of a commercially available chemical product sold in Japan that has been claimed to inactivate viruses and kill bacteria was tested. {0.03 concentration of CD from bottle of CD gas product at 25% RH and 20 Celsius didn't deactivate virus or bacteria in 25 m3 closed environment}

2017 {Tests of some hang-tag devices}

2016. Deodorizer-style can of chlorine dioxide gas tested did not deactivate viruses under the test parameters.

****!!!!****!!!! 2008. {As a relevant additional finding, this study indicates also that chlorine dioxide was not effective as a nebulization treatment for flu under the test conditions} "A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide gas at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 ppm). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD(50)) and 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID(50)) was 10(2.6+/-1.5) in five mice treated with ClO(2), whilst it was 10(6.7+/-0.2) in five mice that had not been treated). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO(2) and 7/10 mice that had not been treated." "ClO2 gas inactivated the virus before it entered the lungs, but that it lacked the ability to inactivate viruses thathad already entered the lungs and established infection" "In in vitro experiments, ClO(2) denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity." "When the diameter of the aerosolis in the range 1–10 micrometers, as in the present experiment, equilibrium is reached within 1 min. We also found that Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k regarding the ClO2–water equilibrium, namely k in the above equation, was 3.9 x 10-5 mol 1-1 Pa-1" "This suggests further that theinfluenza A virus is inactivated at 0.12 micromolar ClO2 in water [Note: Molar concentration is measured as the ratio of the amount of substance in moles to the total volume of the solution]" "Taken together, we conclude that ClO(2) gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO(2) gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation."

2012. Ogata. Journal of General Virology. Airborne influenza virus infection of mice can be prevented by gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This study demonstrated that ClO2 abolished the function o...

2016. {CD in vet office air. Contains precise air measurements} This study performed an experimental investigation into the efficiency of two different gaseous chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg m−3) treatments in disinfecting a local pet's hospital, namely a single, one-off application and a multiple-daily application. In both cases, the ClO2 was applied using strategically-placed aerosol devices. The air quality before and after disinfection was evaluated by measuring the bioaerosol levels of bacteria and fungi. The experimental results found that the average background levels of bacteria and fungi prior to ClO2 disinfection were found to be 2014 ± 1350 and 1002 ± 669 CFU m−3, respectively. A single ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 57.3 and 57.6%. By contrast, a multiple-daily ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 65.1 and 57.6%. Among the two disinfection methods, the multiple-daily ClO2 application method was found to yield a higher disinfection efficiency for bacteria, i.e., 16.28 ± 0.92%.

****!!!!****!!!!**** {Taiko} "Can be applied to any space that can be in a closed state or an open state... Can be supplied at a concentration at which the animal can survive but the suspended microorganisms are inactivated. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to a space where an animal exists. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to living spaces (eg, residences, offices), medical institutions (eg, hospital waiting rooms, examination rooms, treatment rooms, operating rooms, anterior rooms, hospital rooms), research institutions, disaster medical facilities (eg, disaster containers, tents), public facilities (eg, stations, airports, schools), vehicles... When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is set to 0.00001 ppm to 0.01 ppm, there is no problem even if chlorine dioxide gas is continuously supplied. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.01 ppm to 0.1 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 10 minutes to 480 minutes, and 15 minutes to 90 minutes. More preferably, it is more preferably 15 minutes to 60 minutes. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.1 ppm to 0.3 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 0.5 minutes to 480 minutes, preferably 1 minute to 60 minutes is more preferable, and 2 minutes to 15 minutes is even more preferable."

2018

2007. Chlorine dioxide disinfectant (193 ppm) was capable of sterilizing medical disposal of 3.2 × 10 CFU/mL with disinfection efficiency higher than 99.9% in the physician out-patient department. Spraying 1 mL of 200 ppm chloride dioxide solution twice onto the surfaces of different objects using the hand-held sprayer, the comparison for average disinfection efficiencies of the samples was door knob (100%) = handset of telephone (100%) & chair cushion (90.3%) & floor (20.5%) in series. In addition, the background data of biological aerosols also revealed that the comparison of average space colony numbers was semi-closed out-patient area in the physician department (318 CFU/m) & semi-closed out-patient area in the surgical department (183 CFU/m) & open-space emergency ward (58 CFU/m) in series. After using ultrasonic aerosol and handheld sprayer ways to sprinkle the chlorine dioxide solution into hospital spaces for 30 minutes, disinfection efficiency approached 95.0 %. The disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide in gas or solution phase is notably affirmative and available for the infection control of hospital.

2011. {Also includes references several other studies of airborne use} The average background levels of bacteria and fungi before disinfection were found to be 1,142 ± 455.4&nbsp;CFU/m3 and 520 ± 442.4 CFU/m3, respectively. Chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg/m3) was applied using three different methods, namely a single, one-off application, multiple applications within a single day, and regular (daily) applications. Among the three disinfection methods, the regular application method was found to yield a high disinfection efficiency for both bacteria and fungi, i.e., 6.5 ± 0.7% and 4.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. The average residual bacteria and fungi levels after regular daily interval disinfection were 318.8 ± 51.5 CFU/m3 and 254.0 ± 43.8 CFU/m3, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that the air quality guidelines prescribed by the Taiwan EPA for SHCs and other healthcare facilities can best be achieved by applying chlorine dioxide at regular (daily) intervals.

2018. Pet shops have a high concentration of bioaerosols. Thus, effective disinfection protocols are essential to protect the pet shop staff and visitors. The present study examines the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) fogging [Based on context, it sounds like chlorine dioxide was probably actually dispensed in humidifier while areas were occupied.] in minimizing the residual bacteria and fungi levels in a typical pet shop in Taiwan consisting of a commodity area, a lodging area, and a grooming area. Tested different disinfection periods, namely once every hour (1DM), once every 2 h (2DM), and once every 3 h (3DM). To assess the effect of the environmental factors on the disinfection efficiency, measurements are taken of temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, the carbon dioxide concentration, the PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, and TSP level at each sampling locations. The results reveal that the effectiveness of the three disinfection modes depends on both the environmental parameters and the use of the three areas (e.g., commodity, lodging, or grooming). Hence, the choice of disinfection method should be adjusted accordingly. For all three disinfection modes, a faster air velocity is beneficial in spreading the disinfectant throughout the indoor space and improving the disinfection performance.