"The total airborne mass fraction was between 2.7% and 32.2% of the mass emitted from the bottle, depending on the product. Between 0.0001% and 0.01% of the total airborne mass fraction consisted of residual particles. However, these particles had a mass median aerodynamic diameter between 1.9 µm and 3.7 µm, constituting a total respiratory deposition of up to 77%...Thus, the use of cleaning sprays can result in chemical airway exposure, with particles in the relevant size range for both nasal and alveolar deposition"

HCPs within 1.829 m of patients with influenza could be exposed to infectious doses of influenza virus, primarily in small-particle aerosols. This finding questions the current paradigm of localized droplet transmission during non-aerosol-generating procedures.

The vast majority of studies reviewed here concern hospital and other health facilities where viruses are a well-known cause of occupational and nosocomial infec-tions. Studies on other indoor environments, on the other hand, including homes, non-industrial workplaces and public buildings, are scarce. The lack of regulations, threshold values and standardized detection meth-ods for viruses in indoor environments, make both research and interpretation of results difficult in this field, hampering infection control efforts. Further research will be needed to achieve a better understanding of virus survival in aerosols and on surfaces, and to elucidate the relationship between viruses and indoor environmental characteristics.

At least indoors, where desiccation is the predominant stress, the general reversibility of membrane-phase changes by vapour-phase rehydration when coupled with efficacious microbial enzymatic repair mechanisms under genetic control, virtually ensures the spread of disease by the aerobiological pathway.

Indoor air contaminants are well-known causes of absences, interruptions, and lack of productivity in students, faculty, and staff.

We analyze the possibility of aerosol transmission of the novel coronavirus. Relevant strategies for preventing novel coronavirus pneumonia are established for the medical personnel and general public during their work or daily life. Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology.

Includes analyses of effects of humidity on transmission

Influenza A viruses are believed to spread between humans through contact, large respiratory droplets and small particle droplet nuclei (aerosols), but the relative importance of each of these modes of transmission is unclear. Volunteer studies suggest ...

{Normal time periods of viability} "This project investigates survival of airborne influenza virus of different sub-types at common room conditions where risk of disease due to microbial transmission could be particularly high, especially at poorly ventilated environments, where viral concentration in the air reaches significant magnitudes. The results obtained for H1N1 and H5N1 strains show close trend with regards to inactivation in the ambient air; rapid inactivation of approximately 60% of microorganisms over the first 30 min with following inactivation at much slower rate over the remaining 60 min of experiment. A different picture was observed for the H3N2 strain, which demonstrated much higher robustness compared to other subtypes; even after 90 min, around 50% of viral particles were still alive."

***"PM is small enough to suspend in the air for long periods of time, which may provide “condensation nuclei” to which virus droplets attach [45]. Many studies have also reported that PM induces both airway epithelial damage and barrier dysfunction, which could result in a temporary immunosuppressive pulmonary microenvironment " "PM2.5 had almost no effect on influenza incidence at the non-flu season" "when PM2.5 was beyond 70 μg/m3, the effect of PM2.5 had an increasing gradient as PM2.5 increased. Such pattern was clearly more substantial in the middle aged groups and tended to be most pronounced for age group 25–59" "virulence of influenza is expected to be stronger near zero than at subfreezing temperatures and a decrease in temperature makes airways more susceptible to the onset of respiratory infections"

Air pollutants, especially PM2.5, PM10, CO and SO2, can increase the risk of ILI in Jinan. The government should create regulatory policies to reduce the level of air pollutants and remind people to practice preventative and control measures to decrease the incidence of ILI on pollution d …

INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and soon unfolded as a global outbreak accompanied by declarations of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and later a pandemic from the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 has resulted in 2,626,321 confirmed cases and 181,938 reported deaths worldwide (as of 14 April 2020). The underlying virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious novel coronavirus that transmits as an aerosol and threatens people of all ages, from infant to geriatric, while those with cardiovascular disease are recognized as particularly susceptible to more severe symptoms from SARS-CoV-2 infection. WHO recommends using a mask to limit the COVID-19 outbreak; however, SARS-CoV-2 transmission models and its removal efficiency by wearing a mask remain unclear. Furthermore, differences in the field-specific definitions/terminologies related to transmission and mask usage tend to cause confusion and misunderstanding among both experts and the public.

"Dust is by far the most frequent source of environment-based bacteria and fungi along with the allergens and toxins associated with them. Such dust settled on carpets and upholstery may become resuspended" "Biofilms formed in car heaters/air conditioners [11, 12] as well as those in windshield washer reservoirs [13] and other areas of the car may release microbes such as legionellae and possibly environmental or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as well as airborne opportunistic pathogens. Such pathogens may also come from road dust and water in road puddles [14]." "Risk of influenza spread ranged from 59% to 99.9% for a 90 min trip when air was recirculated." "Potential health benefits of car deodorizers would be greater if they could additionally reduce the levels of airborne allergens, harmful chemicals, and particulates including PM2.5

Introduction This chapter focuses on the acute effects on the lung after exposure to toxic substances. As used in this chapter, acute indicates short-term exposures (minutes to hours), with the ini…

"This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorizing products. This approach can be used to establish guidelines for ingredients that may pose inhalation and dermal hazards."

Is the transmission of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weather dependent?. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Accepted .

"Atmospheric aerosols generally interact in concurrent, multiple non-linear ways with physical, chemical, and biological processes that often occur simultaneously at variable time and/or spatial scales. Aerosol process-level properties vary on scales of at least meters to thousands of meters. The detection and simulation abilities of such interactions, especially those near and shorter than hundreds of meters scale, are major limiting challenges that have direct implications to understanding and modeling how aerosols might influence human health" "Do airborne viruses, especially influenza and influenza-like illness viruses, go dormant (i.e., become inactive) during atmospheric transport, whether in cloud or not, and remain in that state until sometime after that virus lands in a ‘nurturing’ environment that transforms its non-dormant state into a metabolically active state? A change in ILI concentration or a change in the environmental conditions can trigger a health impact, other human-related factors notwithstanding." etc

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated guidance on its website to say coronavirus can commonly spread "through respiratory droplets or small particles, such as those in aerosols," which are produced even when a person breathes.

Asthma patients have not had higher rates of negative outcomes from COVID-19 than other individuals.

Knowing the facts about airborne particulates can make you more effective in managing the hazards they present.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has been associated with infections and deaths among health-care workers. This Viewpoint of infectious aerosols is intended to inform appropriate infection control measures to protect health-care workers. Studies of cough aerosols and of exhaled breath from patients with various respiratory infections have shown striking similarities in aerosol size distributions, with a predominance of pathogens in small particles (

A review of the scientific literature aimed at providing a better understanding of aerosols and droplets, and their importance in airborne spread of disease. "Even when a virus can be spread through airborne transmission, you are still much more likely to become ill as the result of close contact. If COVID-19 is transmitted similarly to influenza, we can be somewhat reassured by our current practices."

BACKGROUND: Environmental living conditions co-sorting with economic status may influence the disease morbidity rate of childhood asthma in ethnic minority urban poor populations. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to assess exposure and sensitization to environmental allergens in southeast San Diego children with current asthma-related symptoms and to determine the utility of environmental control measures. METHODS: Children, 9 to 12 years old, with current asthma-related symptoms were identified and enrolled at four school sites.

(2020). COVID-19 and the workplace: Research questions for the aerosol science community. Aerosol Science and Technology: Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1117-1123.

SummaryInfluenza A virus, strain WSNH, propagated in bovine, human and chick embryo cell cultures and aerosolized from the cell culture medium, was maximally stable at low relative humidity (RH), minimally stable at mid-range RH, and moderately stable at high RH. Most lots of WSNH virus propagated in embryonated eggs and aerosolized from the allantoic fluid were also least stable at mid-range RH, but two preparations after multiple serial passage in eggs showed equal stability at mid-range and higher RH's. Airborne stability varied from preparation to preparation of virus propagated both in cell culture and embryonated eggs. There was no apparent correlation between airborne stability and protein content of spray fluid above 0.1 mg/ml, but one preparation of lesser protein concentration was extremely unstable at 50 to 80 per cent RH. Polyhydroxy compounds exerted a protective effect on airborne stability.

There is a long-standing dispute about indoor air humidity and perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) and associated health effects. Complaints about sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways are generally among top-two symptoms together with the perception "dry air" in office environments. This call …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. Its relationship with environmental factors is an issue that has attracted the attention of scientists and governments. This article aims to deal with a possible association between COVID-19 ...