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Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2
**!!!!*** "Airborne spread from undiagnosed infections will continuously undermine the effectiveness of even the most vigorous testing, tracing, and social distancing programs." "Aerosols can accumulate, remain infectious in indoor air for hours, and be easily inhaled deep into the lungs. A competition between droplet size, inertia, gravity, and evaporation determines how far emitted droplets and aerosols will travel in air. Larger respiratory droplets will undergo gravitational settling faster than they evaporate, contaminating surfaces and leading to contact transmission. Smaller droplets and aerosols will evaporate faster than they can settle, are buoyant, and thus can be affected by air currents, which can transport them over longer distances. ...Respiratory droplet size has been shown to affect the severity of disease. For example, influenza virus is more commonly contained in aerosols with sizes below 1 µm (submicron), which lead to more severe infection. In the case of (SARS-CoV-2), it is possible that submicron virus-containing aerosols are being transferred deep into the alveolar region of the lungs, where immune responses seem to be temporarily bypassed. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to replicate three times faster than SARS-CoV-1 and thus can rapidly spread to the pharynx, from which it can be shed before the innate immune response becomes activated and produces symptoms. By the time symptoms occur, the patient has transmitted the virus without knowing.... The US CDC recommendations... are based on studies of respiratory droplets carried out in the 1930s. In outdoor environments, numerous factors will determine the concentrations and distance traveled, and whether respiratory viruses remain infectious in aerosols. Overall, the probability of becoming infected indoors will depend on the total amount of SARS-CoV-2 inhaled. Ultimately, the amount of ventilation, number of people, how long one visits an indoor facility, and activities that affect airflow will all modulate viral transmission pathways and exposure. Universal masking is highly important."
·science.sciencemag.org·
Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Is the coronavirus airborne? Here's what we know.
Is the coronavirus airborne? Here's what we know.
Wearing masks at home -While tiny viral particles might travel through the air, it's unclear whether they could make someone else sick.
·www.nbcnews.com·
Is the coronavirus airborne? Here's what we know.
Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.
Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.
1986. A review of the health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments suggests that relative humidity can affect the incidence of respiratory infections and allergies. Experimental studies on airborne-transmitted infectious bacteria and viruses have ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.
Advanced Analysis to Distinguish between Physical Decrease and Inactivation of Viable Phages in Aerosol by Quantitating Phage-Specific Particles - PubMed
Advanced Analysis to Distinguish between Physical Decrease and Inactivation of Viable Phages in Aerosol by Quantitating Phage-Specific Particles - PubMed
Recent studies have investigated the efficacy of air-cleaning products against pathogens in the air. A standard method to evaluate the reduction in airborne viruses caused by an air cleaner has been established using a safe bacteriophage instead of pathogenic viruses; the reduction in airborne viru …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Advanced Analysis to Distinguish between Physical Decrease and Inactivation of Viable Phages in Aerosol by Quantitating Phage-Specific Particles - PubMed
Searching for SARS-COV-2 on Particulate Matter: A Possible Early Indicator of COVID-19 Epidemic Recurrence - PubMed
Searching for SARS-COV-2 on Particulate Matter: A Possible Early Indicator of COVID-19 Epidemic Recurrence - PubMed
{High # of particulates in outdoor air may correlate with higher COVID-19 occurrence} A number of nations were forced to declare a total shutdown due to COVID-19 infection, as extreme measure to cope with dramatic impact of the pandemic, with remarkable consequences both in terms of negative health outcomes and economic loses. However, in many countries a "Phase-2" is approaching and …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Searching for SARS-COV-2 on Particulate Matter: A Possible Early Indicator of COVID-19 Epidemic Recurrence - PubMed
Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence
Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence
Influenza incidence and seasonality, along with virus survival and transmission, appear to depend at least partly on humidity, and recent studies have suggested that absolute humidity (AH) is more important than relative humidity (RH) in modulating observed ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence
Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade schools
Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade schools
Low absolute humidity (AH) has been associated with increased influenza virus survival and transmissibility and the onset of seasonal influenza outbreaks. Humidification of indoor environments may mitigate viral transmission and may be an important control ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade schools
Modeling the airborne survival of influenza virus in a residential setting: the impacts of home humidification
Modeling the airborne survival of influenza virus in a residential setting: the impacts of home humidification
Laboratory research studies indicate that aerosolized influenza viruses survive for longer periods at low relative humidity (RH) conditions. Further analysis has shown that absolute humidity (AH) may be an improved predictor of virus survival in the environment. ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Modeling the airborne survival of influenza virus in a residential setting: the impacts of home humidification
Estimating Retrospective Exposure of Household Humidifier Disinfectants
Estimating Retrospective Exposure of Household Humidifier Disinfectants
We conducted a comprehensive humidifier disinfectant exposure characterization for 374 subjects with lung disease who presumed their disease was related to humidifier disinfectant use (patient group) and for 303 of their family members (family group) ...
·www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Estimating Retrospective Exposure of Household Humidifier Disinfectants
Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. | Semantic Scholar
Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. | Semantic Scholar
UNLABELLED To assess whether school environments can adversely affect academic performance, we review scientific evidence relating indoor pollutants and thermal conditions, in schools or other indoor environments, to human performance or attendance. We critically review evidence for direct associations between these aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and performance or attendance. Secondarily, we summarize, without critique, evidence on indirect connections potentially linking IEQ to performance or attendance. Regarding direct associations, little strongly designed research was available. Persuasive evidence links higher indoor concentrations of NO(2) to reduced school attendance, and suggestive evidence links low ventilation rates to reduced performance. Regarding indirect associations, many studies link indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants (primarily in homes) to asthma exacerbations and respiratory infections, which in turn have been related to reduced performance and attendance. Also, much evidence links poor IEQ (e.g. low ventilation rate, excess moisture, or formaldehyde) with adverse health effects in children and adults and documents dampness problems and inadequate ventilation as common in schools. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools is common and adversely influences the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Evidence is available to justify (i) immediate actions to assess and improve IEQ in schools and (ii) focused research to guide IEQ improvements in schools.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSThere is more justification now for improving IEQ in schools to reduce health risks to students than to reduce performance or attendance risks. However, as IEQ-performance links are likely to operate largely through effects of IEQ on health, IEQ improvements that benefit the health of students are likely to have performance and attendance benefits as well. Immediate actions are warranted in schools to prevent dampness problems, inadequate ventilation, and excess indoor exposures to substances such as NO(2) and formaldehyde. Also, siting of new schools in areas with lower outdoor pollutant levels is preferable.
·semanticscholar.org·
Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. | Semantic Scholar
Bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus
Bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus
[*Methods & tools for sampling aerosols noted in this study & in references listed at end] Background Influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone‐based, two‐stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles. Methods A Collison single‐jet ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
[*Used air sampler]. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global ...
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness
Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness
"Furthermore, a small fraction of individuals behaves as “speech superemitters,” consistently releasing an order of magnitude more particles than their peers. Our data demonstrate that the phenomenon of speech superemission cannot be fully explained either by the phonic structures or the amplitude of the speech. These results suggest that other unknown physiological factors, varying dramatically among individuals, could affect the probability of respiratory infectious disease transmission, and also help explain the existence of superspreaders who are disproportionately responsible for outbreaks of airborne infectious disease."
·www.nature.com·
Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness