Airborne Causes of Disease

Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in two hospitals in Wuhan indicates that SARS-CoV-2 may have the potential to be transmitted through aerosols, although the infectivity of the virus RNA was not established in this study.

Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature.

Dec 2020. *****!!!!!****!!!*** We find SARS-CoV-2 survives longest at low temperatures and extreme relative humidities; median estimated virus half-life is over 24 hours at 10 °C and 40 % RH, but approximately 1.5 hours at 27 °C and 65 % RH."

***!!!!******!!!!!***** "We investigated the effects of RH on the viability of bacteria and viruses in both suspended aerosols and stationary droplets using traditional culture-based approaches. Results showed that viability of bacteria generally decreased with decreasing RH. Viruses survived well at RHs lower than 33% and at 100%, whereas their viability was reduced at intermediate RHs. We then explored the evaporation rate of droplets consisting of culture media and the resulting changes in solute concentrations over time; as water evaporates from the droplets, solutes such as sodium chloride in the media become more concentrated. Based on the results, we suggest that inactivation of bacteria is influenced by osmotic pressure resulting from elevated concentrations of salts as droplets evaporate. We propose that the inactivation of viruses is governed by the cumulative dose of solutes or the product of concentration and time, as in disinfection kinetics."

Corona virus disease (COVID-19) originated in China in December 2019. Thereafter, a global logarithmic expansion of the cases has occurred. Some countries have a higher rate of infections despite of early implementation of quarantine. Air pollution could ...

Indoor air contaminants are well-known causes of absences, interruptions, and lack of productivity in students, faculty, and staff.

"The total airborne mass fraction was between 2.7% and 32.2% of the mass emitted from the bottle, depending on the product. Between 0.0001% and 0.01% of the total airborne mass fraction consisted of residual particles. However, these particles had a mass median aerodynamic diameter between 1.9 µm and 3.7 µm, constituting a total respiratory deposition of up to 77%...Thus, the use of cleaning sprays can result in chemical airway exposure, with particles in the relevant size range for both nasal and alveolar deposition"

There is mounting evidence that the aerosol transmission route plays a significant role in the spread of influenza in temperate regions and that the efficiency of this route depends on humidity. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which humidity might influence transmissibility via the aerosol r …

The new coronavirus disease COVID-19 began in December 2019 and has spread rapidly by human-to-human transmission. This study evaluated the transmissibility of the infectious disease and analyzed its association with temperature and humidity to study ...

The new pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has shown stark differences in number of affected patients between countries in the tropics and those with temperate environments. Though there have been many theories on reasons for these differences, we hypothesise that ...

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic, transmittable and invasive pneumococcal disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in December 2019 and January 2020 in Wuhan city, Hubei ...

Highly transmissible influenza viruses (IV) must remain stable and infectious under a wide range of environmental conditions following release from the respiratory tract into the air. Understanding how expelled IV persist in the environment is critical ...

The transmissibility and pandemic potential of influenza viruses depends on their ability to efficiently replicate and be released from an infected host, retain viability as they pass through the environment, and then initiate infection in the next host. ...

{Problems related to air pollution, climate, etc} Geo-environmental determinants of the accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 that is generating a high level of deaths. The second is to suggest a strategy to cope with future epidemic threats.

(2005). {Includes other useful links} Toward Understanding the Risk of Secondary Airborne Infection: Emission of Respirable Pathogens. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 143-154.

On March 17, 2020, a member of a Skagit County, Washington, choir informed Skagit County Public Health (SCPH) that several members of the 122-member choir had become ill.

An employee at a hospital in San Jose wore an “air-powered” costume on Christmas. Within days, 44 staff members had tested positive for the coronavirus and one had died, the hospital said.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of microbial aerosols on immune function of ducks and shed light on the establishment of microbial aerosol concentration standards for poultry. A total of 1800 1-d-old cherry valley ducks were randomly divided ...

Sars-Cov-2 virus (COVID-19) is a member of the coronavirus family and is responsible for the pandemic recently declared by the World Health Organization. A positive correlation has been observed between the spread of the virus and air pollution, one of ...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. Its relationship with environmental factors is an issue that has attracted the attention of scientists and governments. This article aims to deal with a possible association between COVID-19 ...

There is a long-standing dispute about indoor air humidity and perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) and associated health effects. Complaints about sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways are generally among top-two symptoms together with the perception "dry air" in office environments. This call …

"This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorizing products. This approach can be used to establish guidelines for ingredients that may pose inhalation and dermal hazards."

INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and soon unfolded as a global outbreak accompanied by declarations of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and later a pandemic from the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 has resulted in 2,626,321 confirmed cases and 181,938 reported deaths worldwide (as of 14 April 2020). The underlying virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious novel coronavirus that transmits as an aerosol and threatens people of all ages, from infant to geriatric, while those with cardiovascular disease are recognized as particularly susceptible to more severe symptoms from SARS-CoV-2 infection. WHO recommends using a mask to limit the COVID-19 outbreak; however, SARS-CoV-2 transmission models and its removal efficiency by wearing a mask remain unclear. Furthermore, differences in the field-specific definitions/terminologies related to transmission and mask usage tend to cause confusion and misunderstanding among both experts and the public.

"Atmospheric aerosols generally interact in concurrent, multiple non-linear ways with physical, chemical, and biological processes that often occur simultaneously at variable time and/or spatial scales. Aerosol process-level properties vary on scales of at least meters to thousands of meters. The detection and simulation abilities of such interactions, especially those near and shorter than hundreds of meters scale, are major limiting challenges that have direct implications to understanding and modeling how aerosols might influence human health" "Do airborne viruses, especially influenza and influenza-like illness viruses, go dormant (i.e., become inactive) during atmospheric transport, whether in cloud or not, and remain in that state until sometime after that virus lands in a ‘nurturing’ environment that transforms its non-dormant state into a metabolically active state? A change in ILI concentration or a change in the environmental conditions can trigger a health impact, other human-related factors notwithstanding." etc

Air pollutants, especially PM2.5, PM10, CO and SO2, can increase the risk of ILI in Jinan. The government should create regulatory policies to reduce the level of air pollutants and remind people to practice preventative and control measures to decrease the incidence of ILI on pollution d …