(Citing separate studies...) "This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes DIOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, healing is not impeded. Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success. DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "Rats and honeybees were fed ClO2 in high doses over a two year period. No ill effects were noted" " With prolonged feeding toxicity is produced mainly in the red blood cell. Rats fed up to 1000 mg/l chronically for 6 months showed no significant hematological changes. After 9 months, however, red blood cell counts, hematacrit and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. " "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral envelope.53 Human cells do not have cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. " "100 ppm 70,71,72, about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical us"

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"One case was admitted to our department, and the report is as follows: The patient is female, 18 years old, with hospitalization number 337782, a bleacher in a knitting factory."

"However, there are fewer reports of inhalation poisoning caused by it, combined with literature Data, we made a retrospective analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with severe inhalation poisoning"

In this study, the authors compared thyroid function of newborns from 11 municipalities where drinking water was disinfected by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with that of newborns from 15 municipalities using chlorine disinfection. They estimated the mean neonatal blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) l …

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is under consideration as an alternative to chlorination as a disinfectant for public water supplies. The primary products resulting from ClO2 disinfection of surface waters are chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorates (ClO3-). The kinetics of 36ClO2- and 36ClO3- was studied in rats. R …

Studies were conducted to determine the toxicity of CIO2 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/L) and its metabolites, CIO-2 and CIO-3 (10, 100 mg/L) in drinking water in rats. After 9 months treatment the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was decreased in all treatment groups, while a decreased blood glutathione was only observed in the metabolite groups. At 2, 4, and 6 months no significant hematologic changes were noted in treated rats compared to control. However, after 9 months RBC counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. CIO2, CIO-2, and CIO-3 administered chronically in drinking water for 3 months inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat testes. This inhibition was observed in the liver of CIO-2 groups and in the kidney of 100 mg/L CIO2 treatment. The incorporation in small intestinal nuclei was increased in both 10 and 100 mg/L CIO2 and in 10 mg/L CIO-2. The treatment with CI compounds decreased rat body weight in all groups after 10 and 11 months treatment.

Chlorine dioxide (CIO2), chlorite (CIO-2), and chlorate (CIO-3) in drinking water decreased blood glutathione and RBC osmotic fragility in vivo. The osmotic fra...

1937

"NaClO2 induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence."

"Sodium chlorite in drinking water was found to produce a slight but compensated anemia in rats after exposure to up to 500 ppm for 90 days. Decreases in hemoglobin, red cell count, and packed cell volume seen after 30 days exposure had substantially recovered by 90 days of treatment. Signs of adaptation remained in that 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentrations in the red cell remained elevated after 90 days exposure to 50 and 100 ppm CIO2-. However, dose-related decreases in erythrocyte glutathione levels, detected at chlorite levels as low as 50 ppm, remained decreased after 90 days exposure. While no other signs of overt toxicity were observed, the fact that hemolytic anemia was involved was confirmed by an increased turnover of red cells in cats exposed to CIO2-. Chlorite-induced decreases in glutathione in vivo were demonstrated to enhance formation of hydrogen peroxide when treated further with chlorite in vitro."

"Preparation of the bleaching solutions was associated with a sharp pungent smell, coughing, pharyngeal irritation and headache. Seven hours later increasing cough and dyspnoea led to hospitalisation. Clinical findings were tachypnoea, tachycardia, and rales of auscultation; clinical chemistry revealed marked leucocytosis. Chest X-ray did not yield any abnormal findings. Initially the vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s markedly reduced and the resistance correspondingly enhanced. Blood gas analysis showed hypoxaemia despite alveolar hyperventilation. Administration of corticosteroids resulted in significant alleviation of complaints and in improved lung function with stabilisation in a highly normal range, as confirmed by follow-up examination two years later." "The chlorine dioxide intoxication had been due to pH level reduction resulting from an incorrect proportioning and handling of the individual bleaching agent components when preparing the solution."

1978. {Note: Sodium chlorate is one small byproduct of chlorine dioxide water treatment, in various quantities depending on conditions} "...associated with a high mortality rate, death occurring from massive intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure. We report the outcome in 14 patients poisoned by socium chlorate, with special regard to the amount ingested."

{includes safety limits for Chlorine Dioxide}

***** 1998. "Despite the advantages of chlorine dioxide as an adjunct to free or combined chlorine, water suppliers, consultants, and academic and regulatory professionals continue to express concern about its potential health effects. This article discusses the major health effects of chlorine dioxide and offers practical ways to reduce the potential risks associated with its use."

"Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disinfectants is expressed via their chemical interaction"

"Chlorine dioxide treatment even at 400 ppm for 6 h did not kill any T. castaneum. However, the combined treatment of chlorine dioxide with the heat treatment for 6 h resulted in 95% mortality. These results indicated that heat treatment suppressed the evasive behavior of T. castaneum and synergized the control efficacy of the chlorine dioxide fumigant. "

"Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- in water on rat was studied through feeding test for 90 days. Statistical analyses of variance on weight gained, food utilization efficiency, indexes of blood and serum, liver/bodyweight and kidney/bodyweight ratios, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney were carried out. The results showed that solution of ClO2 and its by-products ClO2- and ClO3- at a concentration of 553 mg/L was not toxic."

"Chlorination products measured at the clinic after this purification and prior to preparation of the dialysate consisted only of chlorite at the 0.02-0.08 mg/L level. No evidence of CIO2-induced anemia was found, nor were any other biologically significant responses observed. Study limitations include several potentially important hematologic parameters which were not measured"

**"SKIN: 12% sodium chloritewas applied to intact or abraded guinea pig skin as a 5% or 10% aqueous solution." "AIR: Vapors from the 6% solution were lethal to 1 rabbit and to 1 of 2 rats exposed for 1 hour. The rabbit's **eyes** showed superficial corneal damage. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. The 3% solution did not cause anydeaths, butpr ducedthe same clinical signs and pathology as the 6% solution... The concentrations of chlorine dioxide in the chamber were not measured. In the second acute inhalation study, chlorine dioxide was generated by adding a sodium chlorite (CAS#7758-19-2) solution drop wise at a constant rate into a heated flask containing 85% phosphoric acid..." "Exposureto an average concentration of 54 ppm for I hour or 38 ppm for 4.5 to 6 hours was lethal in all cases to exposed rats (highly toxic). The clinicalsigns were cyanosis, dyspnea, salivation, lacrimation and chromodacryorrhea. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. An average concentration of 26ppm for 6 hours was not lethal. No pathology was found in the rats sacrificed at 24 hours or 10 days after exposure"

***"Since ClO2 disproportionates to form ClO2- and ClO3- in alkaline solutions and decomposes to yield ClO3- in acidic solutions with exposure to sunlight..." "Toxicological effects... were first associated with the hematopoietic system. .. ClO2- produced anemia at lower exposure levels than those required to produce significant increases in methemoglobin. The anemia was associated with oxidative damage to the red blood cell membrane." "Hematological effects were observed in monkeys with ClO2- and ClO3- but not with ClO2. Monkeys exposed to ClO2 displayed dose-related decreases in serum thyroxine levels. The hypothyroid effect was unique to ClO2..." "CI02 exposure to developing rats delayed brain development and behavior" "Recent experimental findings sugest that ClO2 but not ClO2- might increase cardiovascular disease risk by increasing plasma cholesterol levels and increasing the size of plaques in blood vessels of pigeons that had received a diet high in lipid and marginal in calcium..." ""In evaluating the health impacts of ClO2, the potential of in vivo ***formation of iodinated organics from iodine present in body fluids (saliva and gastric juices) should be of concern."