**"SKIN: 12% sodium chloritewas applied to intact or abraded guinea pig skin as a 5% or 10% aqueous solution." "AIR: Vapors from the 6% solution were lethal to 1 rabbit and to 1 of 2 rats exposed for 1 hour. The rabbit's **eyes** showed superficial corneal damage. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. The 3% solution did not cause anydeaths, butpr ducedthe same clinical signs and pathology as the 6% solution... The concentrations of chlorine dioxide in the chamber were not measured. In the second acute inhalation study, chlorine dioxide was generated by adding a sodium chlorite (CAS#7758-19-2) solution drop wise at a constant rate into a heated flask containing 85% phosphoric acid..." "Exposureto an average concentration of 54 ppm for I hour or 38 ppm for 4.5 to 6 hours was lethal in all cases to exposed rats (highly toxic). The clinicalsigns were cyanosis, dyspnea, salivation, lacrimation and chromodacryorrhea. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. An average concentration of 26ppm for 6 hours was not lethal. No pathology was found in the rats sacrificed at 24 hours or 10 days after exposure"

***"Since ClO2 disproportionates to form ClO2- and ClO3- in alkaline solutions and decomposes to yield ClO3- in acidic solutions with exposure to sunlight..." "Toxicological effects... were first associated with the hematopoietic system. .. ClO2- produced anemia at lower exposure levels than those required to produce significant increases in methemoglobin. The anemia was associated with oxidative damage to the red blood cell membrane." "Hematological effects were observed in monkeys with ClO2- and ClO3- but not with ClO2. Monkeys exposed to ClO2 displayed dose-related decreases in serum thyroxine levels. The hypothyroid effect was unique to ClO2..." "CI02 exposure to developing rats delayed brain development and behavior" "Recent experimental findings sugest that ClO2 but not ClO2- might increase cardiovascular disease risk by increasing plasma cholesterol levels and increasing the size of plaques in blood vessels of pigeons that had received a diet high in lipid and marginal in calcium..." ""In evaluating the health impacts of ClO2, the potential of in vivo ***formation of iodinated organics from iodine present in body fluids (saliva and gastric juices) should be of concern."

"In a previous study from this laboratory, chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) treated drinking water depressed thyroxine (T 4 ) levels in the African green monkey. The present study again demonstrated a decrease in T 4 levels in the same species after 4 wk of oral exposure. However, after 8 wk of treatment T 4 levels rebounded to above pretreatment levels, coinciding with an increase in thyroid radioiodide uptake. This T 4 rebound phenomenon and increased iodide uptake may be due to a compensatory endocrinological mechanism. In rats, T 4 levels dropped during the 8‐wk ClO 2 treatment period in a dose‐dependent manner, and no rebound effect was observed. Iodide uptake values in the rat were not affected. It appears that ClO 2 may have an effect on thyroid function in both species."

*****Toxicity Category I. 0.5 gram of sodium chlorite powder applied 4 hours --Beginning 5 hours post-dose, rabbits had severe dermal irritation and eschar formation, irreversible 14 days post-dose.

****Results: Deaths and severe skin damage

Registration document of data reviews for use on potato cutting equipment in the state of Idaho

{Data resources on chemical safety, including from EPA}

Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage‐contaminated sea‐water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E‐100TM) to t...

(1979). Self-Poisoning by Sodium Chlorate-Some Unusual Features. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 185-188.

A case of severe sodium chlorate poisoning was observed within 5 h after suicidal ingestion of 150–200 g of the herbicide. Methaemoglobinaemia was the early symptom of the intoxication. Treatment with methylene blue and ascorbic acid could not prevent a massive haemolysis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis could be treated successfully with exchange transfusions, heparin and fresh plasma. During the first hours, 70 mmol chlorate were excreted before complete renal failure occurred which required haemodialysis for several weeks. Clinical obser...

A 49-year-old male chemical industry worker was admitted to intensive care with a 24-hour history of respiratory failure, vomiting, headache, stupor, arterial hypotension, and cyanosed face and limbs. He had acute haemolysis (3.9 g/L plasma haemoglobin concentration) and 30% methaemoglobinaemia. Whe …

"Sodium chlorate is a non-selective herbicide, commonly used for vegetation control on roadsides, and as a defoliant and desiccant for cotton, corn, flax, etc..."

****!!!!**{Lists several reports of toxicity from chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite} Patient died 5 days after taking chlorine dioxide orally and intravenuously.

(2020). ***** {Not sure if doc contains unique, useful information, or not. Ahead of Print.}

Alcide chlorine dioxide gel

1984.The study was conducted to examine the effect of ClO2 and its metabolites on the formation of chloroform,3H-thymidine incorporation in organs, and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in rats. Male rats were administered 0, 10, 100 mg/L ClO2 or 1, 10 mg/L of...

******!!!!!********

"the toxicity of ClO2 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/l) and its metabolites, ClO3- and ClO3- (10, 100 mg/l) in drinking water in rats. After nine months treatment the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was decreased in all treatment groups, while a decreased blood glutathione was only observed in the metabolite groups. At 2, 4 and 6 mon no significant hematologic changes were noted in treated rats compared to control. However, after 9 mon RBC counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- administered chronically in drinking water for three months inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat testes. Also, this inhibition was observed in the liver of ClO2- groups and in the kidney of 100 mg/l ClO2- treatment. The incorporation in small intestinal nuclei was increased in both 10 and 100 mg/l ClO2 and in 10 mg/l ClO2-. The treatment with Cl-compounds decreased rat body weight in all groups after 10 and 11 months treatment. "

1981. "An epldemioiogic study of 198 persons exposed for 3 months to drinking water disinfected with chlorine dioxide was conducted in a rural village. A control population of 118 nonexposed persons was also studied. Pre-exposure hematologic and serum chemical parameters were compared with test results after 115 days of exposure. Chlorite ion levels In the water averaged approximately 5 ppm during the study period. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the data failed to identify any significant exposure-related effects. This study suggests that future evaluations of chlorine dioxide disinfection should be directed toward populations with potentially increased sensitivity to hemo-lytic agents"

The use of electrophysiological and molecular biology techniques has shed light on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced impairment of surface and internal membranes that control cellular signaling...

****!!!!*** "Previous investigators have reported cardiovascular abnormalities in experimental animals exposed to chlorinated water. Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly decreased in pigeons fed a normal or high-cholesterol diet and drinking water containing these drinking water disinfectants at a concentration of 15 ppm for 3 months" "The factor(s) associated with the effect of these disinfectants on plasma T4 and cholesterol is not known. We suggest however that these effects are probably mediated by products formed when these disinfectants react with organic matter in the upper gastrointestinal tract."

1980

1980

"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an insecticidal agent by generating ROS, increased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. However, the addition of vitamin E (an antioxidant) reduced the formation of lipid peroxidation. ClO2 treatment significantly reduced expression of Pi-iPLA2 but increased lipid peroxidation in larval fat body of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, larvae treated with dsRNA specific to Pi-iPLA2 were significantly susceptible to ClO2 treatment. These results suggest that Pi-iPLA2 plays a crucial role in repairing damaged fatty acids from phospholipids. Our results also suggest that ClO2 can elevate lipid peroxidation through inhibiting Pi-iPLA2 expression in addition to direct ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. "

****!!!!*** "the addition of an antioxidant, ****vitamin E,*** significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity of ClO2 in a dose-dependent manner." "Exposure to ClO2 gas significantly induced the gene expression of both SOD and Tpx. RNA interference of SOD or Tpx using specific double stranded RNAs significantly enhanced the lethality of P. interpunctella to ClO2 gas treatment as well as to the bacterial challenge." "These results suggest that ClO2 induces the production of insecticidal ROS [reactive oxygen species], which results in a fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella."