"In a previous study from this laboratory, chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) treated drinking water depressed thyroxine (T 4 ) levels in the African green monkey. The present study again demonstrated a decrease in T 4 levels in the same species after 4 wk of oral exposure. However, after 8 wk of treatment T 4 levels rebounded to above pretreatment levels, coinciding with an increase in thyroid radioiodide uptake. This T 4 rebound phenomenon and increased iodide uptake may be due to a compensatory endocrinological mechanism. In rats, T 4 levels dropped during the 8‐wk ClO 2 treatment period in a dose‐dependent manner, and no rebound effect was observed. Iodide uptake values in the rat were not affected. It appears that ClO 2 may have an effect on thyroid function in both species."

*****Toxicity Category I. 0.5 gram of sodium chlorite powder applied 4 hours --Beginning 5 hours post-dose, rabbits had severe dermal irritation and eschar formation, irreversible 14 days post-dose.

****Results: Deaths and severe skin damage

Registration document of data reviews for use on potato cutting equipment in the state of Idaho

{Data resources on chemical safety, including from EPA}

Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage‐contaminated sea‐water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E‐100TM) to t...

(1979). Self-Poisoning by Sodium Chlorate-Some Unusual Features. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 185-188.

A case of severe sodium chlorate poisoning was observed within 5 h after suicidal ingestion of 150–200 g of the herbicide. Methaemoglobinaemia was the early symptom of the intoxication. Treatment with methylene blue and ascorbic acid could not prevent a massive haemolysis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis could be treated successfully with exchange transfusions, heparin and fresh plasma. During the first hours, 70 mmol chlorate were excreted before complete renal failure occurred which required haemodialysis for several weeks. Clinical obser...

A 49-year-old male chemical industry worker was admitted to intensive care with a 24-hour history of respiratory failure, vomiting, headache, stupor, arterial hypotension, and cyanosed face and limbs. He had acute haemolysis (3.9 g/L plasma haemoglobin concentration) and 30% methaemoglobinaemia. Whe …

"Sodium chlorate is a non-selective herbicide, commonly used for vegetation control on roadsides, and as a defoliant and desiccant for cotton, corn, flax, etc..."

****!!!!**{Lists several reports of toxicity from chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite} Patient died 5 days after taking chlorine dioxide orally and intravenuously.

(2020). ***** {Not sure if doc contains unique, useful information, or not. Ahead of Print.}

Alcide chlorine dioxide gel

1984.The study was conducted to examine the effect of ClO2 and its metabolites on the formation of chloroform,3H-thymidine incorporation in organs, and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in rats. Male rats were administered 0, 10, 100 mg/L ClO2 or 1, 10 mg/L of...

******!!!!!********

"the toxicity of ClO2 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/l) and its metabolites, ClO3- and ClO3- (10, 100 mg/l) in drinking water in rats. After nine months treatment the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was decreased in all treatment groups, while a decreased blood glutathione was only observed in the metabolite groups. At 2, 4 and 6 mon no significant hematologic changes were noted in treated rats compared to control. However, after 9 mon RBC counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- administered chronically in drinking water for three months inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat testes. Also, this inhibition was observed in the liver of ClO2- groups and in the kidney of 100 mg/l ClO2- treatment. The incorporation in small intestinal nuclei was increased in both 10 and 100 mg/l ClO2 and in 10 mg/l ClO2-. The treatment with Cl-compounds decreased rat body weight in all groups after 10 and 11 months treatment. "

1981. "An epldemioiogic study of 198 persons exposed for 3 months to drinking water disinfected with chlorine dioxide was conducted in a rural village. A control population of 118 nonexposed persons was also studied. Pre-exposure hematologic and serum chemical parameters were compared with test results after 115 days of exposure. Chlorite ion levels In the water averaged approximately 5 ppm during the study period. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the data failed to identify any significant exposure-related effects. This study suggests that future evaluations of chlorine dioxide disinfection should be directed toward populations with potentially increased sensitivity to hemo-lytic agents"

The use of electrophysiological and molecular biology techniques has shed light on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced impairment of surface and internal membranes that control cellular signaling...

****!!!!*** "Previous investigators have reported cardiovascular abnormalities in experimental animals exposed to chlorinated water. Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly decreased in pigeons fed a normal or high-cholesterol diet and drinking water containing these drinking water disinfectants at a concentration of 15 ppm for 3 months" "The factor(s) associated with the effect of these disinfectants on plasma T4 and cholesterol is not known. We suggest however that these effects are probably mediated by products formed when these disinfectants react with organic matter in the upper gastrointestinal tract."

1980

1980

"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an insecticidal agent by generating ROS, increased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. However, the addition of vitamin E (an antioxidant) reduced the formation of lipid peroxidation. ClO2 treatment significantly reduced expression of Pi-iPLA2 but increased lipid peroxidation in larval fat body of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, larvae treated with dsRNA specific to Pi-iPLA2 were significantly susceptible to ClO2 treatment. These results suggest that Pi-iPLA2 plays a crucial role in repairing damaged fatty acids from phospholipids. Our results also suggest that ClO2 can elevate lipid peroxidation through inhibiting Pi-iPLA2 expression in addition to direct ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. "

****!!!!*** "the addition of an antioxidant, ****vitamin E,*** significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity of ClO2 in a dose-dependent manner." "Exposure to ClO2 gas significantly induced the gene expression of both SOD and Tpx. RNA interference of SOD or Tpx using specific double stranded RNAs significantly enhanced the lethality of P. interpunctella to ClO2 gas treatment as well as to the bacterial challenge." "These results suggest that ClO2 induces the production of insecticidal ROS [reactive oxygen species], which results in a fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella."

"Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are relevant in the evaluation of the disease status and of the health-enhancing effects of antioxidants." "The clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions."

"Positive association was found between exposure of the mother to ClO2-treated water during pregnancy and prematurity of the newborn as assessed by the attending physician and by a greater weight loss after birth. The rates of jaundice, birth defects and fetal and neonatal mortality did not differ significantly between communities. Because of the limitations of the study design, the findings reported here should be considered suggestive rather than definitive. "