The potential for sodium chlorite to produce reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity and alterations in hematology and thyroid hormones was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats administered sodium chlorite in the drinking water continuously for two generations. The F(0) generation animals (30 …

**********{Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity study on mice}

*****{Many evaluations of effects on body} "It is assumed that chlorine dioxide as such is not absorbed by oral since it rapidly reacts with saliva and gastric juices. Furthermore, the total recovered in urine after dermal administration indicates that dermal absorption is poor. These findings were consistent regarding the reactive properties of the dioxide chlorine. ClO2 was reduced rapidly after an oral administration in Chloride (Cl-), Chlorite (ClO2-) and Chlorate (ClO3-) ions. Seventy-two hours after a single gavage dose of 100 mg/L 36ClO2, most of the 36Cl label in the plasma was in the form of chloride ion (Cl-) and chlorite; the ratio of chloride to chlorite was 4 to 1. Chloride ion is the ultimate metabolite of chlorine dioxide. Seventy-two hours after 36ClO2 oral dosing, 31% and 10% of the radioactivity were measured in the urine and the faeces, respectively while radioactivity was not detected in the expired air. The parent compound was not detected in the urine; most of the radioactivity was in the form of chloride, with smaller amounts as chlorite. Chlorine dioxide skin contact resulted in a reduction of ClO2 to chlorite followed by reduction to chloride. Therefore, it is assumed that chlorine dioxide is not absorbed at significant rate after skin contact.

" Usine levels well above those really present, Sodium Chlorite had some adverse effects on reproduction which might not be readily detectable (e.g. decreased fecundity and/or birthweight.)

leaked about 15 pounds of toxic chlorine dioxide gas from a Florida mill

{Side note: Some free Chlorine in air can result from use of Chlorine Dioxide}

treatment of chlorine dioxide linearly increased the performance and gut morphology and decreased microbial population in quails. 0.5ppm for 28 days.

"RSC for chlorite could be lower than 80% (which could potentially support lowering the MCLG) because there is more dietary exposure than previously assumed due to the increased use of chlorine dioxide and acidified sodium chlorite as disinfectants in the processing of foods" "chlorite and chlorine dioxide may share common health endpoints, namely hematological and thyroid effects" "chlorate levels above the health reference level of 210 µg/L occurred frequently in systems that use hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide or chloramines." "Chlorite (a regulated DBP) and chlorine dioxide (a disinfectant) are associated with methemoglobinemia, and for infants, young children and pregnant women, effects on the thyroid are also of concern."

Chlorate; Pesticide Exemptions From Tolerance, 66138-66143 [2018-27908]

Chlorine dioxide oxidation of cysteine (CSH) is investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions (with excess CSH) in buffered aqueous solutions, p[H+] 2.7−9.5 at 25.0 °C. The rates of chlorine dioxide decay are first order in both ClO2 and CSH concentrations and increase rapidly as the pH increases. The proposed mechanism is an electron transfer from CS- to ClO2 (1.03 × 108 M-1 s-1) with a subsequent rapid reaction of the CS• radical and a second ClO2 to form a cysteinyl−ClO2 adduct (CSOClO). This highly reactive adduct decays via two pathways. In acidic solutions, it hydrolyzes to give CS...

Oral LD50 94 mg/kg rat, Inhalation LC50 32 ppm rat. Target Organs: Blood Abnormal decrease in number of red blood cells, Abnormal decrease in red -blood -cell haemoglobin. Did not show mutagenic effects in animal experiments. Did not cause genetic damage in cultured bacterial cells. Genetic damage in cultured mammalian cells was observed in some laboratory tests but not in others. Evidence suggests the substance is not a reproductive toxin in animals. Animal testing showed effects on embryo-foetal development at levels below those causing maternal toxicity. Reduced growth Behavioural effects in offspring

1986

Review of the available literature obtained from both acute and chronic experiments utilizing rats, mice and chickens treated with ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3-in drinking water has demonstrated alterations in hematologic parameters in all species tested.

2008. The bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide (CIO2) against 79 bacteria, 31 yeasts and 4 viruses were evaluated under clean and dirty conditions. The safety of CIO2 to chickens given by drinking water or skin spraying was also evaluated. In clean diluent condition, the median lethal concentration (MLC50) of CIO2 against bacteria and yeast was 9.4 and 8.4 ppm, respectively. In dirty diluent condition, the MLC50 of CIO2 against bacteria and yeasts was 39.9 and 24.3 ppm, respectively. The virucidal activity of CIO2 against 100 median embryo lethal dose (100 ELD50) of Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease virus was 1.2, 1.2, 2.5 and 1.2 ppm, respectively. All the leghorn chickens continuously given with 10 mL of 500, 250, 125, 62.5 or 0 ppm of CIO2 in drinking water or on skin spraying for 7 days were not found showing any abnormality at 14 days post medication. Chlorine dioxide provides high bactericidal and virucidal activity without resulting any toxicity to the chickens.

{Effects of chlorite, and chlorine dioxide} When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite exposure under similar conditions produced increases for red blood cells in osmotic fragility, mean corpuscular volume, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for both strains. Chlorite exposure of pregnant A/J mice resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of pups at weaning and a lower average birth to weaning growth rate. Mice exposed to as much as 100 ppm sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in their drinking water for up to 120 days failed to demonstrate any histopathological changes in kidney structure.

****!!!!****!!!!*** The solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals. ClO2 is a strong, but a rather selective oxidizer. It does not react (or reacts extremely slowly) with most organic compounds of a living tissue. ClO2 reacts rather fast, however, with cysteine and methionine (two sulphur containing amino acids), with tyrosine [23] and tryptophan [24] (two aromatic amino acids) and with two inorganic ions: Fe2+ and Mn2+. It is generally assumed that the antimicrobial effect of ClO2 is due mostly to its reactions with the previously mentioned four amino acids and their residues in proteins and peptides. In the peptide group it is important to mention glutathione – a small tripeptide containing cysteine – which is a major antioxidant in cells, with an intracellular concentration of 0.1-10 mM.

1991. {Irrigation solution made with Alcide chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide contact lens solution, and a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide disinfectant were tested.} { {Note: This study may include some misunderstandings about the dynamics of chlorine in chlorine dioxide?}

LD50 labels for Categories 1-5

2013. {In some conditions, chlorine dioxide can dissociate into chlorine gas and oxygen gas, which could result in chlorine affecting lungs, so information in this study may be relevant.)

********!!!!!!***** 2015 {Ingestion resulted in oxygen deficiency} "A 1-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with vomiting and poor complexion" "The patient had profound hypoxia that did not respond to oxygen therapy and required endotracheal intubation to maintain a normal oxygen level. Although oxygen saturation (SpO2) fluctuated at approximately 95% after intubation, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was high on arterial blood gas analysis."

1954. 50 times normal Chlorine Dioxide concentration of bread fed for 12 months. {This is page 1 of Part II. Abstract is also available at https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19551404006}