“... oral ingestion by monkeys, chlorine dioxide was rapidly converted into chloride ion and, to a lesser extent, chlorite and chlorate.. In rats, excretion of chloride and, to a lesser extent, chlorite ion is mainly via the urine, smaller amounts being excreted in faeces... At typical low drinking-water levels, chlorine dioxide would be decomposed by oxidation–reduction reactions with saliva and stomach contents...” “Drinking-water containing chlorine dioxide at a concentration of 0, 10 or 100 mg/L (equivalent to approximately 0, 1.5 and 15 mg/kg bw per day) was administered to mice... with no apparent effects on blood parameters... “ “study with Sprague-Dawley rats at drinking-water concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 mg/L...enzymatic changes suggested liver toxicity; the principal effect was histopathology of nasal turbinates from inhalation of the gas. Although chlorine dioxide is water soluble, it is a gas at room temperature, so there can be difficulty in interpreting toxicity findings.” “In a 2-year study in rats at drinking-water concentrations up to 100 mg/L, the NOAEL was 10 mg/L (1.3 mg/kg bw per day)” "Currently, there is no readily available and low-cost treatment available to remove chlorate ion once it has been formed in drinking-water. "