{Effects of chlorite, and chlorine dioxide} When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite exposure under similar conditions produced increases for red blood cells in osmotic fragility, mean corpuscular volume, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for both strains. Chlorite exposure of pregnant A/J mice resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of pups at weaning and a lower average birth to weaning growth rate. Mice exposed to as much as 100 ppm sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in their drinking water for up to 120 days failed to demonstrate any histopathological changes in kidney structure.

****!!!!****!!!!*** The solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals. ClO2 is a strong, but a rather selective oxidizer. It does not react (or reacts extremely slowly) with most organic compounds of a living tissue. ClO2 reacts rather fast, however, with cysteine and methionine (two sulphur containing amino acids), with tyrosine [23] and tryptophan [24] (two aromatic amino acids) and with two inorganic ions: Fe2+ and Mn2+. It is generally assumed that the antimicrobial effect of ClO2 is due mostly to its reactions with the previously mentioned four amino acids and their residues in proteins and peptides. In the peptide group it is important to mention glutathione – a small tripeptide containing cysteine – which is a major antioxidant in cells, with an intracellular concentration of 0.1-10 mM.

Authors: Norio Ogata* (Taiko Pharmaceuticals--mail: nogata7@yahoo.co.jp), Tomoko Koizumi and Fumihiro Ozaw

****gov report on biocides, inhalation effects, inc CD

Why safe on human body

Health effects of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine

Optimizing Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Chicken Cathelicidin-2

********!!!!!!***** 2015 {Ingestion resulted in oxygen deficiency} "A 1-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with vomiting and poor complexion" "The patient had profound hypoxia that did not respond to oxygen therapy and required endotracheal intubation to maintain a normal oxygen level. Although oxygen saturation (SpO2) fluctuated at approximately 95% after intubation, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was high on arterial blood gas analysis."

1982.

****!!!!**** The main lesion induced by ClO2 is the destruction of alveolar walls, which creates pulmonary emphysema lesions. This emphysema was found on all rats of the study (except control) whatever the tested concentration. The severity of the lesion is proportional to the dose. Animals died by respiratory deficiency. LC50combined = 89 mg/m3air

{includes Toxicity levels}

**Hazard levels to the body

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In separate subchronic toxicity studies, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received three water disinfectants in the drinking water for 90 consecutive days. he treatment levels were 25 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 175 mg/L and 250 mg/L for chlorine, and 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L for both monochloramine and chlorine dioxide. ontrols received carbonated (ph buffered) drinking water. ater consumption for all three compounds decreased in a dose-related fashion with increasing concentration of disinfectant, most likely due to unpalatability. one of the disinfectants caused premature deaths in...

{CD efects on the body} Volume 3 of the Drinking Water and Health series examined the toxicity of several major disinfectants and many of the by-products formed during drinking water disinfection. This chapter updates that material by assessing current research data. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

{Doc says Sodium Chlorite has severe damaging health effects & references studies. Refers to Sodium Chlorite and Chlorous Acid & Sodium Salt as synonyms}

{Mentions many safety level tests with data}

Obscure tests on Chlorine Dioxide effects on humans

"The efficacy and safety of UC-1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was more than 98.2% reduction when UC-1 concentrations were 5 and 20 ppm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of H1N1, influenza virus B/TW/71718/04, and EV71 were 84.65 ± 0.64, 95.91 ± 11.61, and 46.39 ± 1.97 ppm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test revealed that the cell viability of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells was 93.7% at a 200 ppm UC-1 concentration that is over that anticipated in routine use. Moreover, 50 ppm UC-1 showed no significant symptoms in a rabbit ocular irritation test. In an inhalation toxicity test, treatment with 20 ppm UC-1 for 24 h showed no abnormality and no mortality in clinical symptoms and normal functioning of the lung and other organs. A ClO2 concentration of up to 40 ppm in drinking water did not show any toxicity in a subchronic oral toxicity test. Herein, UC-1 showed favorable disinfection activity and a higher safety profile tendency than in previous reports."

{Good description of CD actions } Particular info for objects containing electronics. Find more information today.

EPA evaluates the potential risks of the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. To assist with this evaluation, EPA scientists developed a rapid, automated model using off the shelf technology that predicts exposures for thousands of chemicals.

Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disinfectants is expressed via their chemical interaction ...

"ClO2, the so-called “ideal biocide”, could also be applied as an antiseptic if it was understood why the solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals." "The killing time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds in a 300 ppm ClO2 solution. Thus, a few minutes of contact time (limited by the volatility of ClO2) is quite enough to kill all bacteria, but short enough to keep ClO2 penetration into the living tissues of a greater organism safely below 0.1 mm. Bacteria are not able to develop resistance against ClO2 as it reacts with biological thiols which play a vital role in all living organisms. Conclusion: Selectivity of ClO2 between humans and bacteria is based not on their different biochemistry, but on their different size."

***********Wide variety of toxicity results from studies.***DECOMP (GAS) TO CHLORIC ACID, CHLORINE, & OXYGEN IN HOT WATER *"Two adults ingested 250 ml of chlorine dioxide in water containing concn of 40 mg/l. Within 5 min of ingestion, sudden headache, nausea, abdominal discomfort, and light-headedness were observed ... effects disappeared within 5 min. ".."Industrially men exposed to low concentrations of the gas in air have been noted occasionally to suffer from irritation of the eyes and to see haloes about lights, but these effects have been minor compared to respiratory irritation. "".."CHLORINE DIOXIDE (1, 10, 100 PPM) GIVEN DAILY IN DRINKING WATER DECR BLOOD GLUTATHIONE, DECR OSMOTIC FRAGILITY, & CHANGED MORPHOLOGY OF ERYTHROCYTES IN BOTH CHICKENS & RATS AFTER TWO MO."..."CHLORINE DIOXIDE IS RAPID DISINFECTING AGENT & HAS SAME SURVIVAL RATIO AS CHLORINE BUT WITH MUCH LOWER RESIDUAL CONCN WHEN CHLORINE EXISTS AS CHLORAMINES. CHLORINE DIOXIDE IS MORE EFFECTIVE VIRUCIDE THAN CHLORINE IN SECONDARY EFFLUENT. "

"ClO2 and its disinfection by-products, chlorite and chlorate. Deleterious effects of moderately high levels of these oxychlorines have been demonstrated experimentally on red blood cells, thyroid function, and development in laboratory animals. Adverse effects in controlled prospective studies in humans and in actual use situations in community water supplies have as yet failed to reveal clear evidence of adverse health effects. Among groups who may be at special risk from this suggested alternative are patients who must undergo chronic extracorporeal hemodialysis... Again, very limited human experience has failed to reveal adverse health effects... dialysis patients in carefully controlled facilities may be at no greater risk than the general population."

CD potential to cause cancer based on increasing skin thickness