Body--Effects on

When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite expo...

"Chlorine dioxide concentration =or 0.44% w/w" "Environmental hazards: Not currently regulated by OSHA, refer to Section 12 for additional information." "OSHA defined hazards: While this material is not considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), the SDS contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use of the product. The SDS should be retained and available for employees and other users of this product. " "There are no additional ingredients present which, within the current knowledge of the supplier and in the concentrations applicable, are classified as hazardous to health and hence require reporting in this section. "

"Elimination of radioactivity in urine and feces equaled 20, 33, and 48% of the total dose for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively. Chlorate and chloride were the only radioactive chlorine species present in urine; the fraction of chlorate present as a percentage of the total urine radioactivity decreased with time regardless of the dose. Chloride was the major radioactive residue present in edible tissues, comprising over 98% of the tissue radioactivity for all animals. Chlorate concentrations in edible tissues ranged from nondetectable to an average of 0.41 ppm in skeletal muscle of the high-dosed animals. No evidence for the presence of chlorite was observed in any tissue. Results of this study suggest that further development of chlorate as a preharvest food safety tool merits consideration."

{Provides extensive details} "Chlorine dioxide irritates the nose, throat, trachea and bronchi at very low concentrations (less than 5 ppm) resulting in breathlessness, wheezing and coughing. Higher concentrations can cause inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, bronchial spasms and difficulty in breathing. A potentially fatal accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) could occur. Symptoms of pulmonary edema (chest pain and shortness of breath) can be delayed for up to 24 or 48 hours after exposure. Long-term respiratory effects (e.g. sensitivity to respiratory irritants, chronic nasal inflammation, asthma, pulmonary emphysema and spastic bronchitis) have been noted in workers accidentally exposed to unspecified concentrations for a short time"

To assess the capacity of small molecules to function as antioxidants in pathologic conditions, a set of yeast assays utilizing strains deficient in the antioxidant machinery was applied with measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and induction of the stress responsiv …"

****!!!!*** "Devices, compositions, systems and methods for the non-cytotoxic delivery of chlorine dioxide to a tissue." "Cytotoxicity of chlorine dioxide-containing compositions results predominantly from the presence of oxy-chlorine anions, and not from the presence of chlorine, which can be a product of chlorine dioxide decomposition." " mucosal tissue, epidermal tissue, dermal tissue, and subcutaneous tissue (also called hypodermis tissue). Mucosal tissue includes buccal mucosa, other oral cavity mucosa (e.g., soft palate mucosa, floor of mouth mucosa and mucosa under the tongue), vaginal mucosa and anal mucosa... Biological tissue may be intact or may have one or more incisions, lacerations or other tissue-penetrating opening.” "tooth enamel, dentin, fingernails, toe nails, hard keratinized tissues and the like, found in animals" "In some embodiments, the method is practiced on a chronic wound of soft tissue"

1980

We present a case report of a 41-year-old woman of Malay ethnicity who presented with an 11-day history of fever and left-sided lymphadenopathy after consuming ‘Miracle Mineral Solution’ (sodium chlorite solution) for the first time.

"Chlorination products measured at the clinic after this purification and prior to preparation of the dialysate consisted only of chlorite at the 0.02-0.08 mg/L level. No evidence of CIO2-induced anemia was found, nor were any other biologically significant responses observed."

"very limited human experience has failed to reveal adverse health effects. Further study, caution, and extreme vigilance are indicated, but dialysis patients in carefully controlled facilities may be at no greater risk than the general population."

(2001). EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF THE DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT, SODIUM CHLORITE, IN FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE: A DRINKING WATER STUDY. Drug and Chemical Toxicology: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 239-258.

Chlorine dioxide has been historically used as a disinfecting agent for drinking water supplies and surfaces. Widespread use as an alternative option for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has emer...

Incidents like this, which create **chlorine** gas, occur more than 2,000 times per year in the US

The regulatory bodies mentioned above have received reports of serious adverse reactions caused by the use of MMS solution, among which are: symptoms of poisoning, life-threatening low blood pressure from dehydration, methemoglobinemia (an illness in which hemoglobin appears in oxidized form and cannot bind oxygen), anuria (decreased output of urine) and hemolytic anemia (decrease of hemoglobin concentration in blood), respiratory problems, abdominal pain, burning pain in throat, persisting vomiting, diarrhea, nausea. The German regulatory body (BfArM) also states that, depending on concentration, chlorine dioxide can cause irritations, but also skin and mucous burns.

{Suicide attempt}

***!!!***!!! 2021 "blood pressure was 181/57 mm Hg, heart rate of 70 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, and an oxygen saturation of 77% on room air. She appeared cyanotic and reported a burning sensation in her throat. She had no apparent burns to the oropharynx and was not in respiratory distress. Laboratory evaluation revealed a methemoglobin level of 41%. The patient received a single dose of methylene blue 1 mg/kg within one hour of emergency department arrival with rapid improvement in the methemoglobin level." "Over the course of several hours, the patient developed hypoxemic respiratory failure, acute renal failure, and severe intravascular hemolysis. She underwent multiple sessions of intermittent hemodialysis to manage the metabolic acidosis and to potentially remove unbound chlorite. The hemoglobin nadired at 9.6 gm/dL (baseline 13.6 gm/dL). Peripheral blood smear showed ghost cells and schistocytes. Despite aggressive resuscitation and blood transfusions, she developed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (INR 6.46, undetectable fibrinogen) and died two days following the ingestion."

Introduction: Over the past decade, Miracle Mineral Solution (sodium chlorite) has been promoted as a cure-all for many conditions. Case Report: A 9-y…

d 40% of methemoglobin. The formation of methemoglobin was effectively treated with methylene blue (10% after 29 hours). To remove the toxin, and because of the anuric acute renal failure, the patient received renal replacement therapy. Despite these therapeutic measures, the patient developed hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which were treated with red blood cell transfusion and intermittent hemodialysis. These interventions led to the improvement of his condition and the patient eventually fully recovered. Patient gave written informed consent. This is the third known case of chlorite poisoning that has been reported. Based upon this case, we suggest the management of sodium chlorite poisoning to comprise the early administration of methylene blue, in addition to renal replacement therapy and transfusion of red blood cells....

{Sodium chlorite content may actually be lower % because tech-grade usually has 20% impurities?} Introduction: Miracle mineral solution, also known as MMS, is supposed to contain a 28% solution of sodium chlorite. Its distributors instruct its clients to mix it with an acid, such as lemon juice. The reaction of both components forms chlorine dioxide, a potent bleach otherwise used for stripping textiles and industrial water treatment. Outside of its commercial uses, MMS has been claimed to be a cure for multiple unrelated diseases, including malaria, AIDS, acne, or cancer. However, we were unable to locate any evidence published in any peer-reviewed journal to support the claims.

{MMS may actually be lower % of sodium chlorite because tech-grade generally contains 20% impurities?} "We present a case report of a 41-year-old woman of Malay ethnicity who presented with an 11-day history of fever and left-sided lymphadenopathy after consuming ‘Miracle Mineral Solution’ (sodium chlorite solution) for the first time." ", we hypothesise that oxidative injury from sodium chlorite initiated an inflammatory response, which triggered the onset of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease" "Oral paracetamol 1 g every 6 h was prescribed for 72 h."

****!!!!**** 2020 "reports of adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms, dehydration, hypotension) [1,2]. Published case reports also describe CD toxicities including methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, toxic irritant dermatitis and Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease" "majority of exposures represent acute toxicity (45/53, 84.9%), as most effects occurred immediately or ≤24 h of exposure (40/53, 75.5%). Thirteen patients (24.5%) were hospitalized. Two critical care unit admissions included significant electrolyte abnormalities, electrocardiogram changes, and altered mental status. Both patients recovered after electrolyte and fluid repletion. We suspect these clinical effects were driven by significant electrolyte loss linked to the gastrointestinal effects of CD"

[Six patients with chlorine dioxide poisoning]

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