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An Overall View Cl02 - Howard Alliger
An Overall View Cl02 - Howard Alliger
(Citing separate studies...) "This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes DIOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, healing is not impeded. Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success. DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "Rats and honeybees were fed ClO2 in high doses over a two year period. No ill effects were noted" " With prolonged feeding toxicity is produced mainly in the red blood cell. Rats fed up to 1000 mg/l chronically for 6 months showed no significant hematological changes. After 9 months, however, red blood cell counts, hematacrit and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. " "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral envelope.53 Human cells do not have cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. " "100 ppm 70,71,72, about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical us"
·grandcircuitinc.com·
An Overall View Cl02 - Howard Alliger
A Case Report of Acute Chlorine Dioxide Poisoning--《Chemical Labor Protection. Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases》1991-02
A Case Report of Acute Chlorine Dioxide Poisoning--《Chemical Labor Protection. Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases》1991-02
"One case was admitted to our department, and the report is as follows: The patient is female, 18 years old, with hospitalization number 337782, a bleacher in a knitting factory."
·zwf4si7npfrj5lihspusodnepm--www-cnki-com-cn.translate.goog·
A Case Report of Acute Chlorine Dioxide Poisoning--《Chemical Labor Protection. Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases》1991-02
Thyroid function of newborns and exposure to chlorine dioxide by-products - PubMed
Thyroid function of newborns and exposure to chlorine dioxide by-products - PubMed
In this study, the authors compared thyroid function of newborns from 11 municipalities where drinking water was disinfected by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with that of newborns from 15 municipalities using chlorine disinfection. They estimated the mean neonatal blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) l …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Thyroid function of newborns and exposure to chlorine dioxide by-products - PubMed
Six cases of chlorine dioxide disinfection powder poisoning
Six cases of chlorine dioxide disinfection powder poisoning
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·d.wanfangdata.com.cn·
Six cases of chlorine dioxide disinfection powder poisoning
The kinetics of chlorite and chlorate in rats - PubMed
The kinetics of chlorite and chlorate in rats - PubMed
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is under consideration as an alternative to chlorination as a disinfectant for public water supplies. The primary products resulting from ClO2 disinfection of surface waters are chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorates (ClO3-). The kinetics of 36ClO2- and 36ClO3- was studied in rats. R …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
The kinetics of chlorite and chlorate in rats - PubMed
Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Studies were conducted to determine the toxicity of CIO2 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/L) and its metabolites, CIO-2 and CIO-3 (10, 100 mg/L) in drinking water in rats. After 9 months treatment the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was decreased in all treatment groups, while a decreased blood glutathione was only observed in the metabolite groups. At 2, 4, and 6 months no significant hematologic changes were noted in treated rats compared to control. However, after 9 months RBC counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. CIO2, CIO-2, and CIO-3 administered chronically in drinking water for 3 months inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat testes. This inhibition was observed in the liver of CIO-2 groups and in the kidney of 100 mg/L CIO2 treatment. The incorporation in small intestinal nuclei was increased in both 10 and 100 mg/L CIO2 and in 10 mg/L CIO-2. The treatment with CI compounds decreased rat body weight in all groups after 10 and 11 months treatment.
·journals.sagepub.com·
Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Effect of Exogenous Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Chlorine Dioxide, and Chlorite on Osmotic Fragility of Rat Blood In Vitro - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Effect of Exogenous Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Chlorine Dioxide, and Chlorite on Osmotic Fragility of Rat Blood In Vitro - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Chlorine dioxide (CIO2), chlorite (CIO-2), and chlorate (CIO-3) in drinking water decreased blood glutathione and RBC osmotic fragility in vivo. The osmotic fra...
·journals.sagepub.com·
Effect of Exogenous Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Chlorine Dioxide, and Chlorite on Osmotic Fragility of Rat Blood In Vitro - M. S. Abdel-Rahman, D. Couri, R. J. Bull, 1984
Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes - Ali - 2017 - Environmental Toxicology - Wiley Online Library
Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes - Ali - 2017 - Environmental Toxicology - Wiley Online Library
"NaClO2 induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence."
·onlinelibrary.wiley.com·
Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes - Ali - 2017 - Environmental Toxicology - Wiley Online Library
Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vivo - PubMed
Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vivo - PubMed
"Sodium chlorite in drinking water was found to produce a slight but compensated anemia in rats after exposure to up to 500 ppm for 90 days. Decreases in hemoglobin, red cell count, and packed cell volume seen after 30 days exposure had substantially recovered by 90 days of treatment. Signs of adaptation remained in that 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentrations in the red cell remained elevated after 90 days exposure to 50 and 100 ppm CIO2-. However, dose-related decreases in erythrocyte glutathione levels, detected at chlorite levels as low as 50 ppm, remained decreased after 90 days exposure. While no other signs of overt toxicity were observed, the fact that hemolytic anemia was involved was confirmed by an increased turnover of red cells in cats exposed to CIO2-. Chlorite-induced decreases in glutathione in vivo were demonstrated to enhance formation of hydrogen peroxide when treated further with chlorite in vitro."
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vivo - PubMed
[Bleaching agent poisoning with sodium chlorite. The toxicology and clinical course] - PubMed
[Bleaching agent poisoning with sodium chlorite. The toxicology and clinical course] - PubMed
"Preparation of the bleaching solutions was associated with a sharp pungent smell, coughing, pharyngeal irritation and headache. Seven hours later increasing cough and dyspnoea led to hospitalisation. Clinical findings were tachypnoea, tachycardia, and rales of auscultation; clinical chemistry revealed marked leucocytosis. Chest X-ray did not yield any abnormal findings. Initially the vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s markedly reduced and the resistance correspondingly enhanced. Blood gas analysis showed hypoxaemia despite alveolar hyperventilation. Administration of corticosteroids resulted in significant alleviation of complaints and in improved lung function with stabilisation in a highly normal range, as confirmed by follow-up examination two years later." "The chlorine dioxide intoxication had been due to pH level reduction resulting from an incorrect proportioning and handling of the individual bleaching agent components when preparing the solution."
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
[Bleaching agent poisoning with sodium chlorite. The toxicology and clinical course] - PubMed
Mortality in sodium **chlorate** poisoning.
Mortality in sodium **chlorate** poisoning.
1978. {Note: Sodium chlorate is one small byproduct of chlorine dioxide water treatment, in various quantities depending on conditions} "...associated with a high mortality rate, death occurring from massive intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure. We report the outcome in 14 patients poisoned by socium chlorate, with special regard to the amount ingested."
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Mortality in sodium **chlorate** poisoning.
A Balanced View of Chlorine Dioxide ~Journal AWWA
A Balanced View of Chlorine Dioxide ~Journal AWWA
***** 1998. "Despite the advantages of chlorine dioxide as an adjunct to free or combined chlorine, water suppliers, consultants, and academic and regulatory professionals continue to express concern about its potential health effects. This article discusses the major health effects of chlorine dioxide and offers practical ways to reduce the potential risks associated with its use."
·awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com·
A Balanced View of Chlorine Dioxide ~Journal AWWA
Mechanistic aspects of ingested chlorine dioxide on thyroid function: impact of oxidants on iodide metabolism.
Mechanistic aspects of ingested chlorine dioxide on thyroid function: impact of oxidants on iodide metabolism.
"Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disinfectants is expressed via their chemical interaction"
·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
Mechanistic aspects of ingested chlorine dioxide on thyroid function: impact of oxidants on iodide metabolism.
Evasive Behavior of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum, against Chlorine Dioxide and Its Suppression by Heat Treatment | Korea Science
Evasive Behavior of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum, against Chlorine Dioxide and Its Suppression by Heat Treatment | Korea Science
"Chlorine dioxide treatment even at 400 ppm for 6 h did not kill any T. castaneum. However, the combined treatment of chlorine dioxide with the heat treatment for 6 h resulted in 95% mortality. These results indicated that heat treatment suppressed the evasive behavior of T. castaneum and synergized the control efficacy of the chlorine dioxide fumigant. "
·koreascience.or.kr·
Evasive Behavior of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum, against Chlorine Dioxide and Its Suppression by Heat Treatment | Korea Science
Search for "OTS0602384" (Results of Several Pre-1977 (1955) Toxicity Studies... (with sodium chlorite) ) - NTIS
Search for "OTS0602384" (Results of Several Pre-1977 (1955) Toxicity Studies... (with sodium chlorite) ) - NTIS
**"SKIN: 12% sodium chloritewas applied to intact or abraded guinea pig skin as a 5% or 10% aqueous solution." "AIR: Vapors from the 6% solution were lethal to 1 rabbit and to 1 of 2 rats exposed for 1 hour. The rabbit's **eyes** showed superficial corneal damage. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. The 3% solution did not cause anydeaths, butpr ducedthe same clinical signs and pathology as the 6% solution... The concentrations of chlorine dioxide in the chamber were not measured. In the second acute inhalation study, chlorine dioxide was generated by adding a sodium chlorite (CAS#7758-19-2) solution drop wise at a constant rate into a heated flask containing 85% phosphoric acid..." "Exposureto an average concentration of 54 ppm for I hour or 38 ppm for 4.5 to 6 hours was lethal in all cases to exposed rats (highly toxic). The clinicalsigns were cyanosis, dyspnea, salivation, lacrimation and chromodacryorrhea. Death was due to pulmonary congestionand edema. An average concentration of 26ppm for 6 hours was not lethal. No pathology was found in the rats sacrificed at 24 hours or 10 days after exposure"
·ntrl.ntis.gov·
Search for "OTS0602384" (Results of Several Pre-1977 (1955) Toxicity Studies... (with sodium chlorite) ) - NTIS
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL -Exposure Limits for Airborne Contaminants
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL -Exposure Limits for Airborne Contaminants
[Old - 1984?] Isopropyl alcohol is manufactured in the United States by an indirect hydration technique in which a fraction containing 40-60% propylene that is isolated from refinery exhaust gases reacts with sulfuric acid (Lowenheim and Moran, 1975). In an older (strong-acid) process, 88-93% sulfuric acid reacted with propylene gas at 25-60°C for a long time. In a newer (weak-acid) process, which has replaced the strong-acid process, propylene gas is absorbed in 60% sulfuric acid at 85°C for a short reaction time (NIOSH, 1976). Estimated annual production capacity for 1981 was 2.8 million pounds (SRI, I...
·www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL -Exposure Limits for Airborne Contaminants