Body--Effects on

"Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- in water on rat was studied through feeding test for 90 days. Statistical analyses of variance on weight gained, food utilization efficiency, indexes of blood and serum, liver/bodyweight and kidney/bodyweight ratios, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney were carried out. The results showed that solution of ClO2 and its by-products ClO2- and ClO3- at a concentration of 553 mg/L was not toxic."

***"Since ClO2 disproportionates to form ClO2- and ClO3- in alkaline solutions and decomposes to yield ClO3- in acidic solutions with exposure to sunlight..." "Toxicological effects... were first associated with the hematopoietic system. .. ClO2- produced anemia at lower exposure levels than those required to produce significant increases in methemoglobin. The anemia was associated with oxidative damage to the red blood cell membrane." "Hematological effects were observed in monkeys with ClO2- and ClO3- but not with ClO2. Monkeys exposed to ClO2 displayed dose-related decreases in serum thyroxine levels. The hypothyroid effect was unique to ClO2..." "CI02 exposure to developing rats delayed brain development and behavior" "Recent experimental findings sugest that ClO2 but not ClO2- might increase cardiovascular disease risk by increasing plasma cholesterol levels and increasing the size of plaques in blood vessels of pigeons that had received a diet high in lipid and marginal in calcium..." ""In evaluating the health impacts of ClO2, the potential of in vivo ***formation of iodinated organics from iodine present in body fluids (saliva and gastric juices) should be of concern."

"Chlorination products measured at the clinic after this purification and prior to preparation of the dialysate consisted only of chlorite at the 0.02-0.08 mg/L level. No evidence of CIO2-induced anemia was found, nor were any other biologically significant responses observed. Study limitations include several potentially important hematologic parameters which were not measured"

"In a previous study from this laboratory, chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) treated drinking water depressed thyroxine (T 4 ) levels in the African green monkey. The present study again demonstrated a decrease in T 4 levels in the same species after 4 wk of oral exposure. However, after 8 wk of treatment T 4 levels rebounded to above pretreatment levels, coinciding with an increase in thyroid radioiodide uptake. This T 4 rebound phenomenon and increased iodide uptake may be due to a compensatory endocrinological mechanism. In rats, T 4 levels dropped during the 8‐wk ClO 2 treatment period in a dose‐dependent manner, and no rebound effect was observed. Iodide uptake values in the rat were not affected. It appears that ClO 2 may have an effect on thyroid function in both species."

*****Toxicity Category I. 0.5 gram of sodium chlorite powder applied 4 hours --Beginning 5 hours post-dose, rabbits had severe dermal irritation and eschar formation, irreversible 14 days post-dose.

****Results: Deaths and severe skin damage

Registration document of data reviews for use on potato cutting equipment in the state of Idaho

{Data resources on chemical safety, including from EPA}

Read chapter Appendix 1 Chlorine Dioxide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs): Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume ...

***EXTREMELY relevant in designing safety evaluations for airborne uses in occupied areas

Data on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). Chlorine Dioxide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 5, 2007.

2002

2012. Chlorine dioxide (CD) gas has a potent antimicrobial activity at extremely low concentration and may serve as a new tool for infection control occupationally as well as publicly. Long-term, low concentration CD gas inhalation toxicity was studied in rats as a six-month continuous whole-body exposure followed by a two-week recovery period, so as to prove that the CD gas exposed up to 0.1 ppm (volume ratio) is judged as safe on the basis of a battery of toxicological examinations. No CD gas-related toxicity sign was observed during the whole study period. No significant difference was observed in body weight gain, food and water consumptions, and relative organ weight. In biochemistry and hematology examinations, changes did not appear to be related to CD gas toxicity. In necropsy and histopathology, no CD gas-related toxicity was observed even in expected target respiratory organs.

2013. {In some conditions, chlorine dioxide can dissociate into chlorine gas and oxygen gas, which could result in chlorine affecting lungs, so information in this study may be relevant.)

Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage‐contaminated sea‐water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E‐100TM) to t...

(1979). Self-Poisoning by Sodium Chlorate-Some Unusual Features. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 185-188.

A case of severe sodium chlorate poisoning was observed within 5 h after suicidal ingestion of 150–200 g of the herbicide. Methaemoglobinaemia was the early symptom of the intoxication. Treatment with methylene blue and ascorbic acid could not prevent a massive haemolysis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis could be treated successfully with exchange transfusions, heparin and fresh plasma. During the first hours, 70 mmol chlorate were excreted before complete renal failure occurred which required haemodialysis for several weeks. Clinical obser...

A 49-year-old male chemical industry worker was admitted to intensive care with a 24-hour history of respiratory failure, vomiting, headache, stupor, arterial hypotension, and cyanosed face and limbs. He had acute haemolysis (3.9 g/L plasma haemoglobin concentration) and 30% methaemoglobinaemia. Whe …

"Sodium chlorate is a non-selective herbicide, commonly used for vegetation control on roadsides, and as a defoliant and desiccant for cotton, corn, flax, etc..."

****!!!!**{Lists several reports of toxicity from chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite} Patient died 5 days after taking chlorine dioxide orally and intravenuously.

(2020). ***** {Not sure if doc contains unique, useful information, or not. Ahead of Print.}

Alcide chlorine dioxide gel

1984.The study was conducted to examine the effect of ClO2 and its metabolites on the formation of chloroform,3H-thymidine incorporation in organs, and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in rats. Male rats were administered 0, 10, 100 mg/L ClO2 or 1, 10 mg/L of...

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"the toxicity of ClO2 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/l) and its metabolites, ClO3- and ClO3- (10, 100 mg/l) in drinking water in rats. After nine months treatment the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was decreased in all treatment groups, while a decreased blood glutathione was only observed in the metabolite groups. At 2, 4 and 6 mon no significant hematologic changes were noted in treated rats compared to control. However, after 9 mon RBC counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin were decreased in all treatment groups. ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- administered chronically in drinking water for three months inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nuclei of rat testes. Also, this inhibition was observed in the liver of ClO2- groups and in the kidney of 100 mg/l ClO2- treatment. The incorporation in small intestinal nuclei was increased in both 10 and 100 mg/l ClO2 and in 10 mg/l ClO2-. The treatment with Cl-compounds decreased rat body weight in all groups after 10 and 11 months treatment. "