Body--Effects on

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****!!!** "Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite are commonly used as disinfectants, and understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance to these compounds is of considerable importance. In this study, the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in the sensitivity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to hypochlorite and chlorite was studied. Yeast mutants lacking Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, but not mutants deficient in cytoplasmic and peroxisomal catalase, were hypersensitive to the action of both hypochlorite and chlorite. Both compounds depleted cellular glutathione, induced the production of reactive oxygen species and decreased the viability of the cells. The toxicity of hypochlorite and chlorite was abolished by hypoxic and anoxic conditions and ameliorated by thiol antioxidants and ascorbate. The results demonstrated that the action of hypochlorite and chlorite involves the formation of superoxide and peroxide and that SOD1 is protective, probably by limiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals and damage to proteins. "

"Bromate (BrO(3)(-)) is a drinking water disinfection by-product (DBP) that induces renal cell death via DNA damage-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Drinking water contains other DBPs in addition to BrO(3)(-). We tested the effect of two of these, sodium chlorite (NaClO(2)) and bromochloroaceti …"

We present a case report of a 41-year-old woman of Malay ethnicity who presented with an 11-day history of fever and left-sided lymphadenopathy after consuming ‘Miracle Mineral Solution’ (sodium chlorite solution) for the first time. A ...

The interaction of the chlorite-based drug solution WF10 with human oxyhemoglobin and oxidized hemoglobin forms was investigated monitoring the corresponding spectral changes in heme states. The chlorite component of WF10 converts oxyhemoglobin into methemoglobin with a rate of 35.4 M(-1)s(-1). Meth …

Oxoferin, a preparation approved for wound treatment, has been subjected to an in vitro analysis. 1. Oxoferin produces methaemoglobin even if diluted 500 fold, and leads to additional alterations if added in high concentrations to red cells. Sodium chlorite (NaClO2, 15 mM) is equivalent to undiluted …

ClO2-induced damages to the mitochondria were positive correlated with the death rates, but respiratory inhibition was not the primary target site for cell killing.

"It has been previously reported that subchronic exposure to ClO2 decreases thyroxine (T4) levels in nonhuman primates. In this study in vitro experiments with animal feed, isolated rat stomachs, as well as in vivo studies with intact rats, showed that ClO2 in drinking water (at in situ concentrations as low as 2 ppm) oxidizes iodide to its reactive elemental (radical) state, binding it to organic substances present in the GI tract. A single instance of acute exposure to ClO2, however, did not decrease blood iodide levels, or thyroid glandular uptake of iodine."

Chlorine dioxide oxidation of cysteine (CSH) is investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions (with excess CSH) in buffered aqueous solutions, p[H+] 2.7−9.5 at 25.0 °C. The rates of chlorine dioxide decay are first order in both ClO2 and CSH concentrations and increase rapidly as the pH increases. The proposed mechanism is an electron transfer from CS- to ClO2 (1.03 × 108 M-1 s-1) with a subsequent rapid reaction of the CS• radical and a second ClO2 to form a cysteinyl−ClO2 adduct (CSOClO). This highly reactive adduct decays via two pathways. In acidic solutions, it hydrolyzes to give CS...

The potential for sodium chlorite to produce reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity and alterations in hematology and thyroid hormones was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats administered sodium chlorite in the drinking water continuously for two generations. The F(0) generation animals (30 …

**********{Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity study on mice}

*****{Many evaluations of effects on body} "It is assumed that chlorine dioxide as such is not absorbed by oral since it rapidly reacts with saliva and gastric juices. Furthermore, the total recovered in urine after dermal administration indicates that dermal absorption is poor. These findings were consistent regarding the reactive properties of the dioxide chlorine. ClO2 was reduced rapidly after an oral administration in Chloride (Cl-), Chlorite (ClO2-) and Chlorate (ClO3-) ions. Seventy-two hours after a single gavage dose of 100 mg/L 36ClO2, most of the 36Cl label in the plasma was in the form of chloride ion (Cl-) and chlorite; the ratio of chloride to chlorite was 4 to 1. Chloride ion is the ultimate metabolite of chlorine dioxide. Seventy-two hours after 36ClO2 oral dosing, 31% and 10% of the radioactivity were measured in the urine and the faeces, respectively while radioactivity was not detected in the expired air. The parent compound was not detected in the urine; most of the radioactivity was in the form of chloride, with smaller amounts as chlorite. Chlorine dioxide skin contact resulted in a reduction of ClO2 to chlorite followed by reduction to chloride. Therefore, it is assumed that chlorine dioxide is not absorbed at significant rate after skin contact.

" Usine levels well above those really present, Sodium Chlorite had some adverse effects on reproduction which might not be readily detectable (e.g. decreased fecundity and/or birthweight.)

leaked about 15 pounds of toxic chlorine dioxide gas from a Florida mill

{Side note: Some free Chlorine in air can result from use of Chlorine Dioxide}

treatment of chlorine dioxide linearly increased the performance and gut morphology and decreased microbial population in quails. 0.5ppm for 28 days.

"RSC for chlorite could be lower than 80% (which could potentially support lowering the MCLG) because there is more dietary exposure than previously assumed due to the increased use of chlorine dioxide and acidified sodium chlorite as disinfectants in the processing of foods" "chlorite and chlorine dioxide may share common health endpoints, namely hematological and thyroid effects" "chlorate levels above the health reference level of 210 µg/L occurred frequently in systems that use hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide or chloramines." "Chlorite (a regulated DBP) and chlorine dioxide (a disinfectant) are associated with methemoglobinemia, and for infants, young children and pregnant women, effects on the thyroid are also of concern."

Chlorate; Pesticide Exemptions From Tolerance, 66138-66143 [2018-27908]

Oral LD50 94 mg/kg rat, Inhalation LC50 32 ppm rat. Target Organs: Blood Abnormal decrease in number of red blood cells, Abnormal decrease in red -blood -cell haemoglobin. Did not show mutagenic effects in animal experiments. Did not cause genetic damage in cultured bacterial cells. Genetic damage in cultured mammalian cells was observed in some laboratory tests but not in others. Evidence suggests the substance is not a reproductive toxin in animals. Animal testing showed effects on embryo-foetal development at levels below those causing maternal toxicity. Reduced growth Behavioural effects in offspring

{includes chlorine dioxide, Surfactant & glycerin effects}

1986

Review of the available literature obtained from both acute and chronic experiments utilizing rats, mice and chickens treated with ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3-in drinking water has demonstrated alterations in hematologic parameters in all species tested.