Body--Effects on

Abstract. Biofilms play a pivotal role in healthcare-associated infections, especially those related to the implant of medical devices, such as intravascular c

This is a case report of prolonged Cl02 exposure resulting in injury to the lungs, eyes, and peripheral nerves. Severe inhalational injury from Cl02 can affect multiple organ systems and may be resistant to treatment as in this case. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans is suspected with continued worsening in his PFTs, hypoxia, and functional class since exposure despite a normal HRCT without biopsy.

1991. {Irrigation solution made with Alcide chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide contact lens solution, and a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide disinfectant were tested.} { {Note: This study may include some misunderstandings about the dynamics of chlorine in chlorine dioxide?}

LD50 labels for Categories 1-5

2008. The bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide (CIO2) against 79 bacteria, 31 yeasts and 4 viruses were evaluated under clean and dirty conditions. The safety of CIO2 to chickens given by drinking water or skin spraying was also evaluated. In clean diluent condition, the median lethal concentration (MLC50) of CIO2 against bacteria and yeast was 9.4 and 8.4 ppm, respectively. In dirty diluent condition, the MLC50 of CIO2 against bacteria and yeasts was 39.9 and 24.3 ppm, respectively. The virucidal activity of CIO2 against 100 median embryo lethal dose (100 ELD50) of Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease virus was 1.2, 1.2, 2.5 and 1.2 ppm, respectively. All the leghorn chickens continuously given with 10 mL of 500, 250, 125, 62.5 or 0 ppm of CIO2 in drinking water or on skin spraying for 7 days were not found showing any abnormality at 14 days post medication. Chlorine dioxide provides high bactericidal and virucidal activity without resulting any toxicity to the chickens.

{Effects of chlorite, and chlorine dioxide} When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite exposure under similar conditions produced increases for red blood cells in osmotic fragility, mean corpuscular volume, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for both strains. Chlorite exposure of pregnant A/J mice resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of pups at weaning and a lower average birth to weaning growth rate. Mice exposed to as much as 100 ppm sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in their drinking water for up to 120 days failed to demonstrate any histopathological changes in kidney structure.

****!!!!****!!!!*** The solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals. ClO2 is a strong, but a rather selective oxidizer. It does not react (or reacts extremely slowly) with most organic compounds of a living tissue. ClO2 reacts rather fast, however, with cysteine and methionine (two sulphur containing amino acids), with tyrosine [23] and tryptophan [24] (two aromatic amino acids) and with two inorganic ions: Fe2+ and Mn2+. It is generally assumed that the antimicrobial effect of ClO2 is due mostly to its reactions with the previously mentioned four amino acids and their residues in proteins and peptides. In the peptide group it is important to mention glutathione – a small tripeptide containing cysteine – which is a major antioxidant in cells, with an intracellular concentration of 0.1-10 mM.

Authors: Norio Ogata* (Taiko Pharmaceuticals--mail: nogata7@yahoo.co.jp), Tomoko Koizumi and Fumihiro Ozaw

Objectives This study investigated the possibility of occupational exposure to ozone increasing the risk of obstructive airway disease among bleachery workers. Methods Bleachery workers (N=129) from two Swedish pulp mills using ozone for bleaching were studied together with referents (N=80) from adjacent paper mills. The pulp mills had previously used chlorine dioxide as the bleaching agent. Testings included spirometry, methacholine challenge testing, and questionnaires. Area samplings showed sporadic ozone levels exceeding 0.9 ppm. Results There was a greater prevalence of wheezing (25%) ...

****gov report on biocides, inhalation effects, inc CD

The current situation in India regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is the worst since its first detection, in terms of the number of new cases per day, and it is now more than 10000 (as of June 7, 2020). In addition to several precautionary steps being taken (social distancing, use of masks, sanitizing hands etc.), spraying disinfectants (NaOCl solution) over several residential, official and commercial buildings, open areas, markets, public road transports, railways etchas been occurring on a regular basis. It has also cometo the world’s attention that spraying of disinfectants has been especially used on people who are migrating from one part of the country to another. In this letter, I have made an attempt to discuss some major impacts of NaOCl on human health as well as atmospheric chemistry. NaOCl once emitted into the air reacts easily with the water vapor to form HOCl that further gets photo-dissociated into various reactive species. These reactive species have significant potentials to participate in various tropospheric chemistry of chlorine radical, ozone, S (IV) oxidation, hydrocarbon oxidation, modification of chloride salts etc. I have also recommended some important steps to be taken if spraying of NaOClis deemed essential.

Why safe on human body

Health effects of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine

Free radicals are unstable atoms that can cause damage to cells and lead to illnesses and the aging process. Exactly what impact do they have on the body? This MNT Knowledge Center article look at the free radicals and how antioxidants interact with them, as well as what causes them to develop.

During the recent Ebola outbreak, spraying of the environment and humans, including healthcare workers, with chlorine was wide spread in affected African countries; adverse clinical effects are reported here. A cross sectional survey by interview of 1550 volunteers consisting of 500 healthcare workers (HCW), 550 Ebola survivors (EVD) and 500 quarantined asymptomatic Ebola contacts (NEVD) was conducted. Demographics, frequency of exposure to chlorine, clinical condition after chlorine exposure particularly eye, respiratory and skin conditions were noted. The length of time HCWs worked in Ebola Treatment Units (ETU), and use of personal protective equipment was recorded. Verbal consent was obtained from all participants and all responses remained anonymous. Permission and assistance from the guardian or parent was sought for those below 18 years of age. 493/500 HCW, 550/550 EVD and 477/500 NEVD were sprayed at least once with 0 · 5 % chlorine. Following even a single exposure, an increase in the number of eye (all three groups) and respiratory symptoms (in HCW & EVD) was reported (p < 0 · 001); after multiple exposure, respiratory and skin symptoms increased. In HCW, multiple vs single exposure was associated with an increase in respiratory (OR = 32 (95 % CI 22 –49) p < 0.001), eyes (OR = 30 (95 % CI 21 –43) p < 0.001) and skin conditions (OR = 22 (95 % CI 15–32) p < 0.001). The available personal protective equipment neither reduced nor prevented the adverse effects of chlorine. Reported exposure to chlorine has usually been accidental. Despite the lack of evidence as a recognised outbreak control measure, deliberate exposure of humans to chlorine spray was wide spread in Africa during the Ebola epidemic resulting in serious detrimental health effects on humans. We strongly recommend that this practice be banned and that alternative safer methods be used.

Optimizing Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Chicken Cathelicidin-2

40% of methemoglobin. The formation of methemoglobin was effectively treated with methylene blue (10% after 29 hours). To remove the toxin, and because of the anuric acute renal failure, the patient received renal replacement therapy. Despite these therapeutic measures, the patient developed hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which were treated with red blood cell transfusion and intermittent hemodialysis. These interventions led to the improvement of his condition and the patient eventually fully recovered. Patient gave written informed consent. This is the third known case of chlorite poisoning that has been reported. Based upon this case, we suggest the management of sodium chlorite poisoning to comprise the early administration of methylene blue, in addition to renal replacement therapy and transfusion of red blood cells....

********!!!!!!***** 2015 {Ingestion resulted in oxygen deficiency} "A 1-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with vomiting and poor complexion" "The patient had profound hypoxia that did not respond to oxygen therapy and required endotracheal intubation to maintain a normal oxygen level. Although oxygen saturation (SpO2) fluctuated at approximately 95% after intubation, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was high on arterial blood gas analysis."

Bread containing 50 times the normal concentration of chlorine dioxide as 75 per cent, of the diet for 1 year did not harmfully affect growth or mortality of rats. No detectable effect on organ weights or on histopathology of the tissues.

1954. 50 times normal Chlorine Dioxide concentration of bread fed for 12 months. {This is page 1 of Part II. Abstract is also available at https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19551404006}

Sodium chlorite fumes overcame workers at New Bedford Waste Services