Body--Effects on

Due to its very reactive nature, chlorine dioxide is rapidly (in a few hours) reduced to chlorite, which is persistent also as a biocide but 16 times less toxic to fish, according to MATC. Therefore, it is much more likely that fish will be exposed to chlorite than to chlorine dioxide in natural wat …

When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite exposure under similar conditions produced increases for red blood cells in osmotic fragility, mean corpuscular volume, and glucose-6-phosphate …

" chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant that forms significant amounts of chlorite when added to pota …"

Chlorite, a by-product of chlorine dioxide disinfection of water, is a strong oxidant compound that produces markedly exaggerated effects in vitro on red cells of G6PD deficient humans when compared to normal human cells. Levels of methemoglobin are significantly greater and GSH levels significantly lower in the G6PD deficient cells than in normal cells after chlorite exposure. Persons with G6PD deficiency may be 3 to 4 times more likely to develop hemolytic anemia from chlorite exposure as persons with normal activity levels when GSH levels are used as a measure of susceptibility. The proposed use of chlorine dioxide as an alternate disinfectant for drinking water supplies should consider this potential high risk group. "

Request PDF | Thyroid Function of Newborns and Exposure to Chlorine Dioxide By-products | In this study, the authors compared thyroid function of newborns from 11 municipalities where drinking water was disinfected by chlorine dioxide... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

(1990). Effects of chlorine dioxide on the developing rat brain. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 29-44.

Long-Evans rats, 4–6 weeks of age, were dosed with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 ml/kg chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in deionized water for up to 73 days. Males we…

1986

For over 100 yr, scientists have explored uses of sodium chlorate in agricultural applications. Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizer, and thus can be very hazardous when not handled accordingly. Nevertheless, late 19th century agriculturists and scientists attempted to exploit the chemical propertie …

1982

The teratogenicity of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) was assessed in Wistar rats (Crj: Wistar). Sodium chlorite dissolved in distilled water was given to pregnant Wistar rats by gavage once a day from day 6 through 15 of pregnancy at doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. The pregnant rats were sacrificed …

1982

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Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is used in the production of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used as disinfectant in municipal water treatment and as a ...

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" This is only the second case of sodium chlorite intoxication reported in the medical literature and the first to report the use of renal replacement therapy in combination with red cell exchange in its management. "

The availability of safe and effective antimicrobials is relatively recent. Many infections that we now expect to cure once inflicted considerable mor…

Background is provided on biofilms, including their formation, tolerance mechanisms, structure, and morphology within the context of chronic wounds. The features of biofilms in chronic wounds are discussed in detail, as is the impact of biofilm on wound ...

****!!!!*** "Subchronic toxicities of ClO2, NaClO2, NaClO3 and NH2Cl were studied in the African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The chemicals were administered in drinking water during 30-60 days subchronic rising dose protocols. The only unexpected and significant toxic effect was elicited by ClO2; this chemical inhibited thyroid metabolism in the animals at a dose of ca. 9.0 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease of serum thyroxine occurred after the fourth week of exposure to 100 mg/l.concentration. The extent of thyroid suppression was dose dependent in each individual monkey, and was reversible after cessation of exposure. NaClO2 and NaClO3 failed to elicit similar effects in doses up to ca. 60 mg/kg/day. Also, NaClO4 or NH2Cl did not cause T-4 suppression in doses of 10 mg/kg/day. The selective thyroid effect of ClO2 was unexplained and it appeared to be paradoxical since ClO2 was rapidly reduced by the oral and gastric secretions to nonoxidizing species (presumably Cl-). No evidence of thyroid effects were detected in the serum of human volunteers who ingested approximately 1 mg/l. of ClO2 in drinking water as a result of routine use in the community water treatment process. Sodium chlorite induced dose-dependent oxidative stress on hematopoesis, causing decreased hemoglobin and red cell count and increased methemoglobin content. At the same time, serum transaminase (SGPT) levels showed significant subclinical elevation. The hematologic effects of NaClO2 rebounded during exposure indicating compensatory hemopoietic activity taking effect during oxidative stress. Sodium chlorate and chloramine did not induce detectable hematologic changes in the animals."

In separate subchronic toxicity studies, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received three water disinfectants in the drinking water for 90 consecutive days. he treatment levels were 25 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 175 mg/L and 250 mg/L for chlorine, and 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L for both monochloramine and chlorine dioxide. ontrols received carbonated (ph buffered) drinking water. ater consumption for all three compounds decreased in a dose-related fashion with increasing concentration of disinfectant, most likely due to unpalatability. one of the disinfectants caused premature deaths in...

health effects of disinfection by-products concerning cancer, reproduction and development

{CD efects on the body} Volume 3 of the Drinking Water and Health series examined the toxicity of several major disinfectants and many of the by-products formed during drinking water disinfection. This chapter updates that material by assessing current research data. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

[Investigation on an accident of chlorine dioxide poisoning]

Crisp-maker Walkers and a chemical distributor are fined £350,000 after the death of a worker from gas poisoning.