This study was aimed to clarify the immunopa- thological investigation of Duck Virus Enteritis (DVE) with special references to chlorine di- oxide disinfectant in mitigating the pathologi- cal effect of the virus.

"Elevated methemoglobin levels reflect overly oxidized blood. Elevated urea or creatinine levels reflect kidney damage. Whenever higher than usual doses are to be administered, special attention must be applied regarding kidney damage especially if the urine is acidic" "Acid renders the oxides of chlorine more reactive. Alkalinity stabilizes oxides of chlorine"

**** "An experimental treatment for Lou Gehrig’s disease won fast track and orphan drug designations from the Food and Drug Administration, potentially speeding ..."

Treatments included injection and topical treatments) "sharp surgical debridement was performed to remove the grossly necrotic tissue, if present. A wet dressing was applied once a day using 0.9 % saline-soaked gauze. Thereby, Oxoferin was used, which represents a 5-fold diluted WF10 solution used for topical wound treatment"

****!!!!****!!!**** {301 pages} "Given the small percentage of viable spores that remained in the low humidity studies, increasing either the concentration of ClO2 or the exposure time could result in successful sterilization under these conditions" "Unlike ethylene oxide, sterilization with ClO2 can be achieved at ambient temperature and pressure. When at the same relative humidity and temperature (30°C), ClO2 is 1075 times more efficient" **** "results from the cytotoxicity experiments suggest that post-sterilization processing for materials sterilized with ClO2 is warranted. [to minimize residuals, etc]" "bacterial adhesion is the first step towards the development of infection" "[pg 245] possibilities explaining the difference in bacterial adhesion... including differences in the physicochemical properties of the material and the more rapid development of an accumulating substratum of bacteria (nonviable) on the surface" "the presence of proteins adsorbed to the material did not affect the bactericidal activity of the ClO2 produced by the material" "suggests... the influence of fibronectin, not necessarily on promoting bacterial adhesion, but maintaining it" "the presence of proteins adsorbed to the material did not affect the bactericidal activity of the ClO2" "presence of albumin and fibronectin did impact the viability of bacteria" "coating, such as a hydrogel (Changez et al. 2004) or a thin polymer film (Kwok et al. 1999a), could be used to control the release of ClO2 from the material, thereby extending the duration of bactericidal activity" "An alternative... would be the development of a delivery system that is activated by ultrasound" "a molecule that was affording it protection... While initial studies suggested that the molecule was extracellular, further investigation determined that it was not." "oxidization of GSH may serve as a protective mechanism for other more vital cell components" "An alternative hypothesis for the mechanism of resistance is that SP030724 is over expressing a transmembrane molecule that is either inactivating or inhibiting the bactericidal effects of ClO2." "Calculating ClO2 generator parameters"

The oral administration of chlorate salts reduces "the numbers of Gram-negative pathogens in gastrointestinal tracts of live food animals." "these data indicate that broilers rapidly convert chlorate residues to an innocuous metabolite, chloride ion, and that chlorate residues in excreta remain fairly high during the time around slaughter. Because the target tissue of chlorate is the lower gastrointestinal tract, the relatively high distribution of parent chlorate to inedible gastrointestinal tissues and low distribution to edible tissues is favorable for the biological activity and for food safety considerations."

****!!!!*** {Some of the statements and conclusions made in this paper are not correct.}

Tetrachlorodecaoxide Systematic (IUPAC) name Molecular oxygen tetrachlorite hydrate Identifiers CAS number 92047-76-2 ATC. "WF 10 [Immunokine™, Macrokine™] is a 1 : 10 dilution of tetrachlorodecaoxide (TCDO) formulated for intravenous injection."

****!!!!******** "While a wide range of oral sodium chlorite regi-mens have been used, the most popular are between 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg given over 2 – 7 days in a row, followed by a rest period of 7 – 16 days, then repeat-ing (17,25,26). Importantly, it has never been shown that oral sodium chlorite can be absorbed at levels that affect human macrophage function. In rats given radiolabeled chlorite, 34% of the initial dose can be found excreted in the urine over the next 72 h (27). However, in monkeys, chlorite is neutralized in saliva within 1 min and by gastric fl uid in vivo in 5 min (28). Keuhne, one of the world ’ s experts on WF10, states that he studied oral WF10 and found that it “ can act on these mechanisms only intravenously, not orally ” (29). Furthermore, there are data that raise concerns about the safety of oral sodium chlo-rite. According to McGrath and Keuhne, sodium chlorite is converted under acidic conditions (such as those in the stomach) to chlorine dioxide, which can be poisonous (12,29). While a small, short- duration study failed to show evidence of oral chlo-rite toxicity in humans (30), Keuhne stopped his research on oral WF10 “ after two patients collapsed and one nearly died ” while taking it (29)"

"NP001, a pH-adjusted IV formulation of purified Sodium Chlorite, is a novel moleculethat regulates inflammation in vitro andin vivo. Within monocytes/ macrophages, chlorite is converted into taurine chloraminethat downregulates nuclear factorkB(NF-kB) expression and inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1b. These mechanisms of downregulation trans-form inflammatory monocytes/macrophagesfrom a proinflammatory to a basal phagocyticstate." "NP001 was generally safe and well-tolerated, except for infusion site pain anddizziness. No significant slowing of decline in the primary or secondary measures was observed.However, slowing of progression was observed in the high-dose group inpatients with greaterinflammation (wide range C-reactive protein). Moreover, NP001 may have dose dependently halted symptom progression in a subset of patients. More than 2 times as many patients on high-dose NP001 (25%) did not progress during 6 months of treatment compared with thoseon placebo (11%). Most “responders”had an elevated biomarker of inflammation, interleukin-18,and were positive for lipopolysaccharide at baseline, which decreased after treatment with NP001."

"The drug substance WF10 inhibited the activation of LPS/IFNγ-stimulated humanmonocyte-derived macrophages. Among them are the diminished expression ofproinflammatory surface markers, the inhibition of the expression of the hyaluronanreceptor CD44, and the binding of hyaluronan to CD44. Further, the overall amountof sulphated proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans was down-regulated by WF10.These in vitro experiments indicate that WF10 is able to inhibit the proinflammatory activation of macrophages. The results suggested that chlorite is the active principle inWF10 as chlorite caused principally the same changes in targets as WF10. The WF10 component chlorate inhibited only the overall sulphation level of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans and the binding of hyaluronan to CD44."

** {Incomplete perspective: "Chlorine Dioxide in contact with the air becomes inactivated and becomes two gases Chlorine and Oxygen, so it has no disinfectant properties, and could not serve to disinfect the air we breathe." Actually, under appropriate conditions, chlorine dioxide can be used very powerfully for disinfecting air, because dissociation is only gradual.} {Article has some other inaccuracies, along with many correct important points.}

{Clinic trial of COVID-19 treatment by oral consumption of Chlorine Dioxide}

{Useful links}

The invention features methods of treating a macrophage-associated neurodegenerative disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), or multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subject by administering chlorite in an amount effective to decrease blood immune cell activation. The invention also features methods of monitoring therapy by assessing blood immune cell activation before and after therapy.

{WF-10 and NP001} "... contributes to the self-limiting nature of inflammation. Sodium chlorite (NaClO2; in solution with 63 mM chlorite and pH-corrected = NP001, aka WF10) was developed to mimic this effect."

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Effectiveness in patients treated in different stages of COVID-19.

***** {+591 (4) 644 3208} or https://posgrado.usfx.bo/posgrado/contactos.php ""Chlorine dioxide used at a concentration of 3000 ppm in the study group" "the evidence found in the study group of patients with mild symptoms that chlorine dioxide has no antiviral effect, nor does it have a statistically significant effect on increasing oxygen saturation." Regarding adverse reactions, the study indicates that "headache, dizziness and nausea, mild and transient" were recorded, but it clarifies that they are "manifestations of the disease".

Para aplicar la medida, el gobierno informará sobre el uso correcto de estas sustancias. Fuente: paginasiete.bo El gobierno central apoyará el uso de la ivermectina y el dióxido de cloro como medida de contención

Dec 2020. The Army Military School (El rector de la universidad militar del Ejército , EMI) announced yesterday that it will "certify" the production of chlorine dioxide from any company . Rector of the EMI, Colonel Iván Omonte (Tel: (591) 4-4521844, dirpostgradocbba@adm.emi.edu.bo ). "The guest was Dr. Patricia Callisperis, who was one of the promoters." "Dr. Elizabeth Sánchez (EMI) affirmed chlorine dioxide "does not generate carcinogens or adverse reactions.""

****!!!!!**** {Discussion of *speculative* theories that need verification}

{As surrogate for testing on SARS-CoV-2?}

Biólogos, químicos y bioquímicos de Cochabamba explican por qué el desinfectante no cura la COVID-19 y alertan sobre dosis altas. La OMS/OPS alerta sobre efectos negativos.

****!!!!** "WF 10 [Immunokine™, Macrokine™] is a 1 : 10 dilution of tetrachlorodecaoxide (TCDO)" "WF 10 specifically targets macrophages. WF10 potentially modulates disease-related up-regulation of immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Thus immune response is influenced in a way that inappropriate inflammatory reactions are downregulated.[3]. WF10 is currently being studied in the US, Europe and Asia for treatment of late-stage HIV disease, as well as recurrent prostate cancer, late post-radiation cystitis, autoimmune disease and chronic active hepatitis C disease."

Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature.