***!!!!!!!!!***!!!!*** "Chlorine dioxide has been suggested to be a size selective antimicrobial agent, killing micron sized organisms rapidly but causing much less harm to larger organisms compared to hypochlorite solutions [20]. Disinfection of living tissues with aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions appears to be quite safe as bacteria can be killed using low concentrations of chlorine dioxide and short contact times, while much higher concentrations and contact times are required to cause damage to tissue" "In contrast, the toxicity of the chlorine dioxide product increased 4–6 fold as the exposure time increased from one to 24 hours (Fig 4). Although at exposures of 24 hours the concentration of the chlorine dioxide product was 20 fold higher compared to that of sodium hypochlorite to achieve an LC50. This result was consistent whether the toxicity to the skin cells was assessed at 24 or 48 hr" "the very low toxicity (~10%; v/v) of the chlorine dioxide product after one hour of contact increased only slowly over the next 23 hours, suggesting that reducing the exposure time should decrease the likelihood of skin injury. Studies such as this, where “naked” cells in culture are exposed to the test agent, should provide a conservative estimate of tissue injury, especially to intact skin, where the outer cornified epidermal layers are already dead and serve almost exclusively as a protective barrier." "In summary, we report that a stabilized liquid formulation of chlorine dioxide is an effective sporicidal agent, and reduced B. anthracis spore counts by >5 logs in five minutes or less in suspension."

****!!!!**** {Related to Alcide chlorine dioxide product} "Methods for preventing and treating microbial wound infections, especially of peritoneal cavity wounds including those having indwelling catheters, and enhancing wound repair while minimizing adhesions and scar formation involve the infusion or irrigation of the wound with a solution containing a pharmacologically acceptable carrier and chlorine dioxide in an amount ranging from about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm, and having a chlorine dioxide to chlorite ratio of at least 5:1. Typical solutions contain chlorine dioxide in isotonic saline and exhibit a pH of from about 5 to about 7.5. Sodium chlorite is employed in preferred embodiments." "formation of scarring and/or fibrous adhesions. An additional feature of ClO2 and related oxychlorine systems is their capability to inhibit the stimulation of fibroplasia, the proliferation of fibroblast cells and expression of collagen, which ordinarily ensues following wounding. As shown in the examples that follow, the oxychlorines resulting from acidification of chlorite to form chlorous acid significantly inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation." "A further study confirming the effect of ClO2 on wound healing set out in greater particularity below combines an investigation of the immediate cellular response (chemotaxis) of the body to injury using isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and another investigation assessing the interaction of ClO2 with free radicals which form during the course of tissue repair collagen synthesis. In the former case, ClO2 was found to control chemotaxis by affecting the quality and morphology of the associated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In the latter case, the ClO2, which is a stable free radical containing one unpaired electron, was found to neutralize the superoxide and related radicals involved in the process of collagen production." "solutions of 350 ppm in buffered saline have been shown to be safely infusable into cows' udders without stimulation of any immune response by the animals" "In contrast to antibiotics, systemic absorption of the compositions of the invention is minimized in treatments using them because of the inorganic nature of chlorine dioxide, and its reductive degradation to chloride as a result of its interaction with organic matter (including bacteria, fungi, and viruses). It is important to note that materials may be non-inflammatory (i.e., not provoke inflammation) but not anti-inflammatory (i.e., counter the effects of inflammation). Chlorine dioxide has been found to be non-inflammatory, by virtue of being infusible into the peritoneal cavity and other body cavities without evoking the inflammatory response, as well as being anti-inflammatory; see the copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/133,465, filed Oct. 8, 1993, and parent case U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,343, cited and incorporated by reference above. In order to utilize the germ-killing and non-inflammatory qualities of chlorine dioxide, it is preferable to isolate it from chlorites and its acidic form, chlorous acid" " the lactate so formed may enhance angiogenesis, collagen synthesis and deposition, and modulate the response of fibroblasts to growth factors in the wound ...In embodiments where these effects are not desired, organic acids other than lactic acid are employed." "ability of the chlorine dioxide solutions to bring about a marked reduction in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms" "The 50 ppm ClO2 solution, on the other hand, is well tolerated by mammalian tissue, as, for example, when used as an eye irrigant, to treat bacterial infections induced in rabbits, to infuse into a cow's udder, or as a uterine douche for mares and cows in the prevention and treatment of endometritis." "a chlorine dioxide concentration of about 7.5 ppm inhibits free radical formation by 74% and at a concentration of 15 ppm, by 100%." "If the solution is prepared in the presence of a phosphate buffer which immediately neutralizes the lactic acid, the formation of chlorine dioxide is inhibited in the system. The solution has no inhibitory effect with rat fetal lung fibroblasts. Thus, it is not chlorite ion that is operative, but ClO2."

****!!!!****{Doses & studies for skin (& maybe internal?) treatments} " treating fungal infections using a metal salt of chlorite alone or in combination with a conventional antifungal agent... topical or systemic."*****[? Statements need verification] "chlorite ions are many times less toxic than chlorine dioxide to animal cells and that maintaining it at a higher pH will allow for a higher concentrations to be used. Concentrations of up to 0.5% in internal fluids have been shown to be acceptable for internal use. Higher dosages are likely to be acceptable also. External use allows for considerably higher concentrations to be used, and even higher concentrations are acceptable for short-term contact." "A pattern observed indicates that sodium chlorite alone at a pH that does not create chlorine dioxide and in combination with conventional antifungal agents is a superior antifungal agent than the antifungal alone against 100% of fungi tested."

******!!!!********* "inhaling high concentration ClO2 gases for an extended time can be dangerous for human health because the alveolar membrane is extremely thin (a mere 1-2 microns and in some places even below 1 micron). The effect of ClO2 in these membranes is somewhat counterbalanced, however, by the intense blood circulation there." "O2 can remove biofilms swiftly [12] because it is highly soluble in water and unlike ozone it does not react with the extracellular polysaccharides of the biofilm. This way ClO2 can penetrate into biofilms rapidly to reach and kill the microbes living within the film."