Chemical & Biological Dynamics

****!!!!****!!!!**** {List of their recommended specific chlorine dioxide concentrations and contact times for disinfection against plague/epidemic diseases}

**** (2020) " ClO2 is produced on site in concentrations of... 8 to 12 thousand parts per million (ppm)" "Fortunately, ClO2 gas is self-alerting presenting a faint odor of bleach or chlorine at 0.1 ppm levels or less, thus necessitating area evacuation or use of respiratory protection. Based on ERPG data, such low-level exposure to ClO2 gas is not life-threatening. In fact, more recent studies indicate that ClO2 gas at low levels, well below the TWA17 of 0.1 ppm, could be useful as an antimicrobial in the presence of humans to mitigate and/ or prevent viral infection and possibly other related respiratory tract infections... ClO2 gas could be used in places such as hospitals, clinics, offices, hotels, schools and airport buildings without interrupting normal activities."

****!!!!****!!!!****!!!! "Novel Technology to Reduce Risk of Viral Transmission in Enclosed Occupied Environments and Room Disinfection in Unoccupied Spaces, METSS Corporation: ... development of a novel chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas dispersion system under a current EPA-sponsored Phase II SBIR project...). The system design offers a safe and effective means to rapidly generate ClO2 vapor for on-site room decontamination in hospital and non-hospital settings. This technology is intended to meet the demands of health care markets committed to decontaminate porous materials and sensitive equipment in rooms or vehicles used for care or transport of Ebola-exposed patients... current COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated a clear need for technologies aimed at occupied spaces to reduce or prevent the spread of transmissible diseases through air or contact with surfaces contaminated with infectious microdroplets." "y. During repeated trials, METSS demonstrated the efficacy of low level ClO2 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additional efficacy testing was performed using MS2 (non-enveloped) and Phi6 bacteriophage (enveloped) as surrogates to SARS-CoV-2 and other human viruses...." "Decontamination of Covid-19 Vaccine Production Facility: ...a study completed within the United States Pharmaceutical Industry alongside ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc established evidence that chlorine dioxide gas has the capacity to inactivate beta-lactams" "t to achieve a 3-log reduction of beta-lactams, an inactivation cycle consisting of a 30-minute conditioning phase at 75% relative humidity, followed by an exposure to chlorine dioxide gas of at least 7,240 ppm-hours, is required. Chlorine dioxide destroys the beta-lactam ring and inactivates the compound, in similar fashion to the manner in which penicillin-resistant organisms act" "exposing the target beta-lactam to Chlorine dioxide gas at a concentration of 5mg/L" "Outdoor Systems Trial Using Full-Scale Agricultural Equipment for Wide Area Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Surrogate Spores": ...we exploited state-of-the-art spray application technologies and formulation chemistry used in the agricultural industry, spore germination techniques and a novel decontaminant based on the targeted release of chlorine dioxide. Spores of B. thuringiensis HD-1 cry- were employed as a surrogate for virulent B. anthracis. However, key performance attributes were validated against a range of virulent B. anthracis. Preferred formulations for decontamination were developed through laboratory, environmental chamber, windtunnel and finally full-scale outdoor trials. During outdoor trials we achieved all essential success criteria on all surface types (4-Log10 reduction on wood, steel and cement). Results using steel surfaces approached that required for desirable performance (6-Log10 reduction). Significant loss of spore viability was found by environmental exposure alone (up to 3-Log10 over 72 h). However, active decontamination was more effective (up to a further 3.6-Log10 reduction in viable spores). Pre-germination before decontamination with chlorine dioxide was not found to have a benefit." "Use of Innovative Packaging to Facilitate On-Site Treatment of Waste from a Bacillus anthracis Release Incident: ...These semi-permeable materials would allow gaseous fumigants such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) to pass into the bags but would not allow residual spores to penetrate the walls of the bags and exit into the atmosphere. Testing is currently occurring... to assess the ability of the materials to allow ClO2 to penetrate through the bag material and... to provide sufficient concentration-time exposure of the waste inside the permeation chamber"

****!!!!**** "Influenza viruses were reduced by 99.9% by 0.5–1.0 mg/L of ClO2 in less than 5 min. Higher concentration (20 mg/L) eliminated SARS-CoV-2 from sewage. ClO2 concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L ensured at least a 99% viral reduction of AD40, HAV, Coxsackie B5 virus, and other enteric viruses in less than 30 min. Considering bloodborne viruses, 30 mg/L of ClO2 can eliminate them in 5 min. Bloodborne viruses (HIV-1, HCV, and HBV) may be completely eliminated from medical devices and human fluids after a treatment with 30 mg/L of ClO2 for 30 min. In conclusion, ClO2 is a versatile virucidal agent suitable for different environmental matrices."

(2021) ****!!!!**** "Cleverin (Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan) is a mixture of 500 ppm ClO2, 17,900 ppm sodium chlorite, 3300 ppm decaglycerol monolaurate, and 80 ppm silicone"

****!!!!**** (2021) "Matching transformation system (MA-T) is an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution"

****!!!!!*** {Chart of various disinfectants, hand sanitizers, etc directly against SARS-CoV-2}

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

*****!!!!**** {This article only mentions chlorine dioxide effectiveness against SARS-CoV-1, not SARS-CoV-2, against which it has greater effectiveness} "The exposure of SARS-CoV-2 (7.8 of log10 (TCID50/ml) to 1:49 (~150 ppm) and 1:99 (~75 ppm) *household bleach* resulted in the virus titer being reduced below levels of detection after 5 min" "The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."