Chemical & Biological Dynamics

The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information

"To solve the problem of shortened backwashing intervals in groundwater plants, several disinfectants including ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) were examined to peel off the film from the quartz sand surface in four pilot-scale columns."

The oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors during water treatment was investigated using ozone and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Second-order rate constants for the reactions of model NDMA precursors (dimethylamine (DMA) and 7 tertiary amines) with ozone (kapp at pH 7 = 2.4 × 10-1 to 2.3 × 109 M-1 s-1), ClO2 (kapp at pH 7 = 6.7 × 10-3 to 3.0 × 107 M-1 s-1), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) (kapp at pH 7 = 6.2 × 107 to 1.4 × 1010 M-1 s-1) were determined, which showed that the selected NDMA precursors, with the exception of dimethylformamide (DMFA) can be completely transformed via their...

"Effects of water characteristics, reaction time, temperature, bromide and iodide ion concentrations, oxidant doses, and pH on formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THM) during oxidation of iodide-containing water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2)"

"we assessed the associated genotypic and phenotypic traits. ClO2 resistance emerged after E11 populations were repeatedly reduced (either by ClO2-exposure or by dilution) and then regrown in cell culture. The resistance was linked to an improved capacity of E11 to bind to its host cells, which was further attributed to two potential causes: first, the resistant E11 populations possessed mutations that caused amino acid substitutions from ClO2-labile to ClO2-stable residues in the viral proteins, which likely increased the chemical stability of the capsid toward ClO2. Second, resistant E11 mutants exhibited the capacity to utilize alternative cell receptors for host binding. Interestingly, the emergence of ClO2 resistance resulted in an enhanced replicative fitness compared to the less resistant starting population."

Previous studies showed that temperature and total organic carbon in drinking water would cause chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) loss in a water distribution system and affect the efficiency of ClO(2) for Legionella control. However, among the various causes of ClO(2) loss in a drinking water distribution …

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) decay in the presence of typical metal oxides occurring in distribution systems was investigated. Metal oxides generally enhanced ClO2 decay in a second-order process via three pathways: (1) catalytic disproportionation with equimolar formation of chlorite and chlorate, (2) reaction to chlorite and oxygen, and (3) oxidation of a metal in a reduced form (e.g., cuprous oxide) to a higher oxidation state. Cupric oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) showed significantly stronger abilities than goethite (α-FeOOH) to catalyze the ClO2 disproportionation (pathway 1), which pr...

"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a bleaching reagent used in paper industry."

"chlorine dioxide in a hydrophilic biodegradable polymer gelatin to reduce its release rate. Methods: An emulsification-coacervation method was adopted. "

Research and field experience with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas to decontaminate structures contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores and other microorganisms have demonstrated the effectiveness of this sterilant technology. However, because of its hazardous properties, the unreacted ClO2, gas must …

"These results suggest that the ClO2, radical does not form the stable spin adducts with nitrone spin-traps, but oxidizes these spin-traps to give the corresponding nitroxyl radicals."

"A higher concentration of ClO2was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When com-bined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higherdemand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2at pH 8,"

"The heme enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld) catalyzes the degradation of chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. Although structure and steady-state kinetics of Clds have been elucidated, many questions remain (e.g., the mechanism of chlorite cleavage and the pH dependence of the reaction). "

"Chlorite dismutase (Cld) is a heme b-dependent, O–O bond forming enzyme that transforms toxic chlorite (ClO2−) into innocuous chloride and molecular oxygen. The mechanism and specificity of the reaction with chlorite and alternate oxidants were investigated."

***** {Very, very broad range of home uses for chlorine dioxide}

Compositions and methods for generating ClO2 gas are disclosed. A composition that includes a chlorite salt is activated by exposure to ultraviolet light. After an optional storage period,

A multilayer medical packaging film includes a first layer and a chlorine dioxide-producing layer. The chlorine dioxide-producing layer includes a polymer composition and a plurality of chlorite ions. The chlorine dioxide-producing layer is substantially free of an energy-activated catalyst and is substantially free of an acid-releasing compound. However, the film is capable of generating chlorine dioxide when exposed to UV light and moisture.

Service provider using variety of chlorine dioxide products, including slow-release

Horticultural operations are facing increasing pressure to solve sanitation issues related to water treatment. Some of the pressure is external

"When independently tested ClearKlens Bi-Spore passes EN13704 with a contact time of 5 minutes, meaning that the extended contact time needed to ensure sporicidal-activity is eliminated. This result, combined with the low hazard to human health and the compatibility with different surfaces encountered in cleanroom environments, makes a chlorine dioxide generating system such as ClearKlens Bispore an ideal sporicidal disinfectant for use in pharmaceutical cleanrooms. "

2007. "Endoscopes are immersed in 0.35 per cent per-acetic acid or 1100 PPM chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for 5 minutes. "

PERFORMACIDE® is a hospital grade disinfectant that effectively kills bacteria, viruses, mold and fungi in commercial buildings and other public places.

"SkunkAway® is an activated chlorine dioxide, easy-to-use, spray solution for completely breaking down and removing skunk odors from pets. Each bottle can treat 4 large sized dogs. Why just mask skunk odors when you can now completely break it down and eliminate it."

In this paper, the disinfection effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on some main viruses, algae and animal planktons in water and the influence of ClO2…

Comparative list of different chemicals' Concentrations required to kill 99.999% Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) in 60 seconds. {Connected to Selectrocide} Includes Case Studies.