Chemical & Biological Dynamics

the results strongly suggest that although ClO2 and sodium hypochlorite are strong antiviral agents in absence of organic matter but in presence of organic matter, ClO2 is a more potent antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 than sodium hypochlorite. ... disinfectant Cleverin, the major disinfecting component of which is chlorine dioxide (ClO2)

"FarmeTok plastic stick, which discharges chlorine dioxide at 13 ppmv / hour,"

Vital Oxide Broad Spectrum Disinfectant Spray eliminates viruses and bacteria on contact making it perfect for cleaning and sanitizing kitchen and bathroom counters, showers, tile, concrete, and other hard surfaces. A green, environmentally safe alternative to chlorine cleaners and disinfectants.

**** "PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE" "THERMAL REACTIONS OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE"

****!!!!****!!!!**** " Nearly all AZTD samples completely decontaminated • Greater than 6 LR for topsoil at 1 cm depth, 2 hour, both RH levels • 2 cm topsoil much more difficult to decon" "Aqueous ClO2 completely ineffective ( 0.5 LR) at most robust test conditions (4000 ppm, 2 hr contact Time, 4 spray applications)"

****!!!! "our four signature solutions: Verisan, Virusan, PetSan and VeggieSan." "Reg no. 9150-3 [which is Carnebon 200, and may or may not be one of this company's products]"

"Wei et al. reported that in radiotherapy ward, the action time of peroxyacetic acid is 1 h, and of chlorine dioxide is 30–60 min" "chlorine dioxide, and liquid chlorine disinfections are commonly used for hospital wastewater disinfection during COVID-19 pandemic"

****!!!!****!!!!**** {CDG Environmental} The present invention is for extremely pure solutions of chlorine dioxide, methods for making such solutions and to compositions and methods for storing, shipping and using such solutions. " " the vapor pressure of chlorine dioxide gas above aqueous solutions of the gas as a function of temperature and concentration" "Chlorine dioxide solutions can deteriorate in by chemical degradation into chlorine, oxygen, chlorite, chlorate, or other decomposition products.. these decomposition reactions either do not occur or occur at very slow rates in solutions made of pure water and ultra-pure chlorine dioxide." **** "salt substantially increases the rate of chlorine dioxide decomposition in solution" "rate of concentration loss through the walls of an HDPE 55 gallon drum ... is negligible compared to the concentration decay due to other factors." **!!** " *Such containers, prior to use, can be pre-treated by filling with a pre-treatment solution containing chlorine dioxide or with dilute chlorine dioxide gas prior to filling with solution. This saturates the walls with chlorine dioxide and greatly slows initial chlorine dioxide losses." *** "After an initial rapid rate of loss, the solution in PET bottles is almost as stable as that stored in glass" "There is no statistically significant difference in the stability of the solutions at different temperatures and salt concentrations for temperatures of less than about 25° C." "Chlorine dioxide solutions made by reacting sodium chlorite with chlorine in aqueous solution, which produces high concentrations of sodium chloride, are much less stable than solutions made using pure chlorine dioxide and pure water."

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****!!!!**** (2019) {Instructions (some of which probably need changes/corrections) for many uses. Also, lists of pathogens affected, with linked studies.} Vapor for Disinfection & Mold Elimination: 1 Gram Chlorine Dioxide per 1 square feet (w/10’ ceilings) [Researcher calcs: (0.28 m3). =3,571 mg/m3=1,275 ppmV in air], 3 to 24 hours – depending on issue severity of issue *****Concentrations to use for many applications****chart below shows how well ClO2 performs against alternatives. (other disinfectants)** Pathogens lisr with studies references **RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTAINERS USED WITH CLO2 PRODUCTS...wear a NOISH/MSHA-approved respirator under the following conditions..." "Initial or remedial treatment... DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS... Achieve a 5 ppm solution RESIDUAL concentration" "Continuous treatment... between 0.25 ppm and 0.5ppm"

{Chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate, etc} "Chlorine dioxide disinfection byproducts: chlorate, chlorite. Health effects: Reduced ability of red blood cells to carry O2. Anemia and nervous system effects (for infants and young children)."

****!!!!****!!!!*** Cases, studies and research involving Chlorine Dioxide (CL02).

****!!!!**** "WHITE PAPERS, AND APPLICATION NOTES"

****!!!!*** "Studies were conducted to evaluate chlorine dioxide reactivity with proteins and the role of these reactions in the inactivation of the bacterial virus f2" "The loss of protein specific attachment function nearly paralleled intact virus inactivation with 1.2 log units of attachment inhibition occurring within 30 s. The inactivation of virus and the inhibition of specific attachment both increased with increasing pH and increasing disinfectant concentration. Inactivation of f2 was hypothesized to occur as the result of chlorine dioxide reacting with discrete chemical moieties in the viral protein. Cysteine, tyrosine and tryptophan reacted with chlorine dioxide within a time frame that could affect viral inactivation." "Only tyrosine reacted with chlorine dioxide following treatment of the intact virion with disinfectant. Even though the degradation of tyrosine residues occurred at a much slower rate than the rate of virus inactivation, the protein component of f2 virus appeared to be the site of the lethal lesion produced by chlorine dioxide. These tyrosine reactions with chlorine dioxide appeared to alter the virus such that specific attachment was inhibited."

****!!!!****!!!!*** (2015) ***"A methodology is proposed for quantifying the amount of ClO2 gas needed in a package and/or treatment chamber." "The diffusion coefficient was found to be 0.129, 0.145, 0.173 cm2 s−1 at 5, 23, and 40 °C, respectively. Degradation of ClO2 gas under dark, UV-A and fluorescent lamp exposure was found to follow a first-order reaction. Degradation using a 40 W UV-A lamp was approximately four orders of magnitude larger than with a 34 W fluorescent lamp." "ClO2 gas can also be converted to chlorite and then react with oxygen changing their chemical structure, mobility, and properties" "Normally, the antimicrobial activity of gaseous ClO2 increased with a longer treatment time, especially at a low treatment temperature"

"studies of the photolysis of OClO at 355 nm in water solution reveal a quantum yield of 0.1 +- 0.01 for Cl production."

****!!!!****!!!! (1993) "pure gaseous OclO is stable at room temperature in the absence of light for days and shows no tendency to dimerize, whereas ClOO rapidly decomposes to Cl and O2."

****!!!!*** "Chlorine dioxide is classified by the World Health Organization as a fourth-generation A1, widely used, safe, and effective disinfectant. It is widely used in bleaching, water treatment, oil extraction, aquaculture, plants, fruits and vegetables, meat products, preservation of aquatic products, food sterilization and sterilization industries. The technology of chlorine dioxide produced by the combination reduction method is widely used in domestic papermaking related companies. In order to promote the application of chlorine dioxide, the effects of storage conditions on the stability of chlorine dioxide solution prepared by the combination reduction method and the experimental study of decomposition kinetics were studied. Experiments have shown that high temperature, high pH and high initial concentration accelerate the decomposition of chlorine dioxide solution, and the addition of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can inhibit the decomposition"

"The two viability methods produced significantly different results (P 0.05). Products of disinfectant concentration" "excystation is not an adequate viability assay." "Purified oocysts originating from three different suppliers were evaluated and showed marked differences with respect to their resistance to inactivation when using chlorine dioxide" "Finally, the study compared the relationship between easily measured indicators, including Bacillus subtilis (aerobic) spores and Clostridium sporogenes (anaerobic) spores, and C. parvum oocysts. The bacterial spores were found to be more sensitive to chlorine dioxide"

***!!!!*** "Chlorine dioxide exists in two isomeric forms: the symmetric OClO and the asymmetric ClOO. The ClOO isomer is thermodynamically more stable than OClO... However... very reactive" "OClO is kinetically stable at room tempreature, showing tno thermal reactivity in water" "90% of the electronically excited molecules dissociate; the remaining 10% undergo isomerization to form ClOO. In addition, the simulated kinetics show that the thermal decomposition of ClOO in water has a rate constant of 6.7 x 10 9[?] s-1."

"Toxicokinetics Chlorine dioxide can be rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Peak blood concentration levels can be reached within 1 h after a single dose administered orally. It can also be slowly absorbed through shaved skin with a half absorption time of 22 h. It seems unlikely that intact chlorine dioxide is absorbed by inhalation giving its highly reactive nature; it is more likely that its derivatives can be absorbed. Chlorine dioxide is metabolized to chlorite, chlorate, and mostly chloride. Most administered chlorine dioxide and its metabolites remain in plasma followed by kidneys, lungs, stomach, intestine, liver, and spleen. About 43% of orally administered chlorine dioxide is eliminated in the urine and feces within 72 h. It is not excreted via the lungs."

Tristel Sporicidal Wipes are chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant wipes for disinfecting non-lumened semi-critical medical devices."

***!!!!*** {Wide range of useful info}

****!!!!*** "When applied correctly, inactivates bacteria without harming yeast" "Proven safe (GRAS status) and approved for use in production of potable alcohol and fuel ethanol production with coproducts intended for use in animal feed."

{Containers and container treatments that minimize loss of ClO2 through countainer walls. Plastic and glass materials compatibility.} The present invention is directed to both physical and chemical means for maintaining continuous high levels of chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions for extended periods, with minimum loss through degradation in the solution and dissipation through the walls of the containing vessel within which the solution is stored. The ClO 2 may be maintained even in the absence of very high levels of chlorite, from which supplemental, offsetting levels of ClO 2 may be generated. The present invention relates to the discovery that certain types of plastic and glass containers have the ability to maintain relatively constant levels of ClO 2 in their contained solutions over extended periods, particularly in aqueous compositions comprising chlorite/ClO 2 ratios sufficient for a stabilizing complex of the two, presumably Cl 2 0 4 — , to suppress the ClO 2 loss. Of particular value is certain high-density polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) plastic bottling and plastic containers which have been initially exposed to a fluorinating environment. Specifically, in the latter regard, it has been discovered that certain plastic containers which ordinarily are incapable of maintaining aqueous ClO 2 levels can be treated with fluorine gas to transform their surfaces so as to effectively suppress ClO 2 diffusion therethrough.

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

****!!!!****!!!!**** "New compositions and methods are disclosed for decontaminating surfaces and enclosures that avoid problems such as salt deposits, corrosion and condensation that accompany the use of known methods. The process involves the use of chlorine dioxide solutions prepared by passing dilute chlorine gas over solid granular sodium chlorite to produce chlorine dioxide gas which is then collected in solution." "...mixing the gas with a carrier gas to produce a gas stream containing chlorine dioxide and disinfecting an enclosure. The gas can be produced by releasing chlorine dioxide gas from an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution containing less than 10% by weight of any of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite ion, hypochlorous acid, or sodium chloride or it can be produced directly for use, as described above. When solutions are used it is preferred that they contain no more than 5%, or more preferably 2.5%, [etc] of... contaminants." "[Anthrax treatment:] As chlorine dioxide gas is stripped out of solution in this method, micro-droplets of solution became entrained in the resulting gas stream and were carried into the building. These droplets deposited a corrosive mixture of water and contaminants throughout the building space causing severe corrosion and other damage. Even where there was no corrosion, salt deposits had to be removed after decontamination was complete. In addition, the solution became hot as it was produced and when pumped into the stripper column (material transfer device) and contacted with air heated by the blowers, the gas stream was warm and humid. This resulted in severe condensation within the building when the warm, humid air contacted cooler air and cooler surfaces in the building. Large mechanical cooling units were used to partially dehumidify the air but a method was never found to control humidity and chlorine dioxide gas concentration simultaneously."

****!!!!****!!!**"Unlike chlorine, ClO2 will react to form mainly inorganic disinfection by products, the predominant species being chlorite. Chlorite will subsequently reduce to form harmless chloride. The speed of this reaction depends upon a number of factors, however within saltwater conditions this can be as low as 5 minutes." "Poorly designed or tuned chlorine dioxide generation equipment can lead to the production of chlorate" "Modern generation systems such as those produced by Scotmas are able to monitor the downstream residual DBP and adjust the dose rate to ensure that environmental limits are not breached. In special cases, downstream reactions can be used to remove excess chlorite residual from the water stream." "It is important to note that the disinfection by products of chlorine dioxide are easily managed with the correct experience and advice, and do not present nearly the same scale of problem as found with other biocides with a higher oxidation potential. Unlike ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide does not oxidise bromide (Br-) ions into bromate ions (BrO3-) which have been identified as carcinogenic. Additionally, chlorine dioxide does not produce large amounts of aldehydes, ketones, or other disinfection by products that originate from the ozonisation of organic substances."