1987

1982

"Amino acids, proteins, and peptides occur ubiquitously in natural waters. Although these nitrogen compounds are not directly toxic, harmful byproducts can be formed by reactions"

"Waters bearing high total antioxidant capacity tended to generate more ClO 2⁻ at equivalent ClO 2 exposure, but the prediction in natural water should be conservative."

"Chlorine dioxide oxidises electron rich organic compounds to the corresponding radical cations in dichloromethane/TFA medium. "

"An improved method is described for selective room temperature epoxidation of alkenes by sodium chlorite in a solvent mixture of ethanol, acetonitrile…"

"3-Benzylsulfanyl-4,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole, 5-methylsulfanyl-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole, 2-methylsulfanyl-1H-benzimidazole, 2-benzylsulfanyl-1H-benzimidazole, and 1-butylsulfanyl-4-nitrobenzene were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides with chlorine dioxide using different modes of oxidant supply. The oxidation process was characterized by high chemoselectivity."

"Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. "

****!!!!*** {Cited by 175 documents}

"Only four of the eighteen free amino acid residues examined were found to be photolabile under environmentally relevant conditions: histidine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan."

"The electrode potential of 0.936 V for the ClO2•/ClO2− couple is so large that even 0.1 M of added ClO2− (a 103 excess over the initial ClO2• concentration) fails to suppress the reaction rate."

****!!!!*** "Only a few amino acids have been reported to be reactive with ClO2, and they have been found to follow second-order kinetics for the overall reaction. The rate constants vary from 10−2 to 107 M−1 s−1 and follow an order of reactivity: cysteine > tyrosine > tryptophan > histidine > proline. For reactions of histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine with ClO2, products vary depending largely on the molar ratios of ClO2 with the specific amino acid. Products of ClO2 oxidation differ with the presence or absence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. Excess molar amounts of ClO2 relative to amino acids are associated with the production of low molecular weight compounds. The oxidation of the biochemically important compounds bovine serum albumin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by ClO2 suggests a denaturing of proteins by ClO2 by an attack on tryptophan and tyrosine residues and relates to the inactivation of microbes by ClO2."

"Carcasses that were defeathered with the chorine dioxide treatment had lower numbers of Campylobacter and E. coli than control carcasses. Treated carcasses were also less likely to be positive for Salmonella. However, the chemical treatment did not have any affect on antibacterial resistance in either Campylobacter or Salmonella."

"At practical disinfectant exposures, eARGs and iARGs were ≥90% degraded/deactivated by FAC, O3, and UV, but recalcitrant to NH2Cl and ClO2. iARG degradation/deactivation always lagged cell inactivation."

"ClO2 inactivation of the virus was temperature- and pH-dependent. The virucidal efficiency was higher at pH 8.2 than at pH 5.6 and pH 7.2 and higher at 36 °C than at 4 and 20 °C." "may demonstrate a general inactivation by ClO2 of enteric virus by damaging the 5′-NCR. Furthermore, 5′-NCR can be used... evaluate the inactivation effects of ClO2."

{Chlorine dioxide was effective and seemed safest option}

1993. "Of the eight disinfectants tested... stabilized chlorine dioxide (Dent-A-Gene) was effective and would be expected to be the safest."