[This may be Solonium brand chlorine dioxide]

"Selenium (Se) is one of the toxic trace elements in flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants. A method for oxidation and absorption of selenium dioxide (SeO2) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in a calcium-based slurry is proposed, in which hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were selected to be absorbents, and H2O2 and NaClO2 were used to oxidize SeO2 and selenite ion to selenate ion to reduce their toxicities. The effects of reaction temperature, H2O2 and NaClO2 concentrations, solution pH, and SeO2 concentration were investigated"

"Minimizing the inorganic by-products chlorite ion and chlorate ion in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide is important if ClO₂ is to remain a viable alternative in potable water treatment. The use of sulfur dioxide-sulfite ion chemistry to quantitatively remove chlorite ion to below the 0.1-mg/L level is described, along with the use of free chlorine to remove the sulfur dioxide-sulfite ion. The stoichiometry and the rate law are described for pH values of 5.5 to 8.5 so that the chemistry can be applied directly in existing drinking water treatment facilities."

****!!!!****** {Includes equations for predicting impact of variables in determining quantity of byproducts} "At 20oC, pH 7, 70-80% of chlorine dioxideinjected was converted to chlorite and 0-10% of that was transformed into chlorate within 120 min with 2.91 mg/Lof DOC. The amount of chlorite formed also increased when pH and temperature increased. As DOC content increased,the residual chlorine dioxide decreased but the amount of chlorite and chlorate were increased. These experimentsrevealed that chlorate was a dominant by-product under UV irradiation."

****!!!!****!!!! {Materials suitable for Chlorine Dioxide containers} "Construction should be of dark or opaque/UV-blocking (preferred) oxidation-resistant plastic or glass. Some materials recommended include: -High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)- Polypropylene (PP)- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (PETE)- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- Polycarbonate (PC)- Glass (UV-blocking preferred)- Gasket materials; silicone, viton or EPDM" "DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS 5 ppm residual chlorine dioxide level. Circulate water in normal operation of the system.... Repeat daily until desired results are achieved." "Selective Micro® Chlorine Dioxide Test Strips"

**** {Mix with dry citric acid, or 33% phosphoric acid} "Alternatives to citric acid for activation include organic acids, such as acetic acid, and inorganic acids such as phosphoric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids. Activation equivalent to that of citric acid may be achieved by adjusting the Pro Oxide solution to pH 2-3 with an alternative acid." "allow to dissolve for five minutes for citric acid or two minutes for phosphoric acid"

"Chlorine dioxide reacts rapidly with H2O2 to form chlorous acid. "

2008

2005

(2006).

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"There was no further oxidation past cysteic acid, and there was no evidence of sulfate formation which would have indicated the cleavage of the carbon−sulfur bond. The reaction is oligooscillatory in chlorine dioxide formation. In conditions of excess oxidant, the reaction is characterized by a short induction period followed by a rapid and autocatalytic formation of chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is formed by the reaction of intermediate HOCl with the excess chlorite:  2ClO2- + 2HOCl + H+ → 2ClO2(aq) + Cl- + H2O. Oligooscillations observed in chlorine dioxide formation result from the competition between this pure oxyhalogen reaction and reactions that consume chlorine dioxide. The rate of the reaction of chlorine dioxide with cysteine and its metabolites is fast and is of comparable magnitude with the reactions that form chlorine dioxide. The reaction of chlorine dioxide with l-cysteine is first order in both oxidant and substrate, retarded by acid, and has a lower-limit bimolecular rate constant of 405 ± 50 M-1 s-1, while for the reaction with l-cysteinesulfinic acid the rate constant is 210 ± 15 M-1 s-1. It would appear that the existence of a zwitterion on the asymmetric carbon atom precludes the formation of N-chloramines as has been observed with taurine and aminomethanesulfonic acid. The mechanism for the reaction is satisfactorily described by a network of 28 elementary reactions which include autocatalysis by HOCl."

"Redox reactions of simple inorganic species exhibit an amazingly rich variety of complex kinetic phenomena."

"The chlorine−dioxide-tetrathionate reaction was studied spectrophotometrically in the pH range 4.55−5.55 at 25.0 ± 0.2 °C and 0.5 M ionic strength adjusted with sodium acetate as a buffer component."

"egardless of the food product, nearly all radioactive residue was present in edible tissues as chloride ions; the chlorite ion was present only in egg-rinse water. Small amounts (10% or less) of radioactivity were present as chlorate ions, which would be a useful marker compound for chlorine dioxide sanitation."

***!!!!*** "...overview of the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of ClO2 with viruses. The inactivation efficiencies vary greatly among different virus species. The inactivation rates for different serotypes within a family of viruses can differ by over 284%. Generally, to achieve a 4-log removal, the exposure doses, also being referred to as Ct values ...vary in the range of 0.06–10 mg L−1 min. Inactivation kinetics of viruses show two phases: an initial rapid inactivation phase followed by a tailing phase. Inactivation rates of viruses increase as pH or temperature increases, but show different trends with increasing concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Both damages in viral proteins and in the 5′ noncoding region within the genome contribute to virus inactivation upon ClO2 disinfection."

2005

Ingredients: "3.35% purified sodium chlorite or 2.00-2.10% available chlorine dioxide + oxychloro species"

****!!!!!****!!!!**** pg 31. "Using a proprietary technique, Oxine® solution is buffered at a pH between 8.0 – 8.5. Most other chlorite products are buffered at a pH of 11‐12. Therefore, the higher pKa acids perform poorly with tech‐grade products" "The intermediates (such as HClO2) generated in this reaction, act as a reservoir for replenishing ClO2 as it gets used up in the system" "Oxine® is much more potent than tech-grade sodium chlorite when tested on pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and saccharomyces cerevisiae, which serve as indicator organisms for an array of bacteria and fungi." "test strips are not the best way to measure free ClO2 in this range. Iodometric drop-titration or spectrophotometric methods are the best ways to measure free ClO2 concentrations." "dozens of regulations were submitted by BCI to FDA, EPA, USDA, FSIS, NSF and OMRI, to expand the use of this chemistry in direct-food and other applications. Millions of dollars were spent on toxicology and efficacy studies to ensure that the Oxine product delivers all its label claims." "Whereas solids may seem convenient for use, there are disadvantages...1. Solid sodium chlorite...is mixed with stabilizers to minimize its fire hazard. Stabilizers that are at least 20% (by total weight) of the chlorite salt consist of various salts, such as calcium carbonate, that can shield bacteria from antimicrobial activity. Liquid solutions of chlorite, on the other hand, do not contain substantial amounts of stabilizers. 2. Homogeneous dissolution of tablets or flakes require extra care; otherwise the concentration gradients are formed, causing inconsistent activation of product. 3. The biggest disadvantage with these products is the cost factor... [One specific solid product is} at least 500% more expensive than Oxine."

{Many useful answers for practical application processes for chlorine dioxide fumigation}

***!!!!***!!!!*** {EXTREMELY VALUABLE summaries of dynamics of chlorine dioxide as reported from many scientific studies} "Apart from sanitizing the surface of fruits and vegetables using ClO2gas, hard surfaces like belts, metal conveyors and pads are treated with ClO2 foam as they are also one of the important transmitters of contamination during packaging or processing of fruits and vegetables (13)." "Since ClO2 gas is highly soluble in water, its inactivation properties aresimilar to the aqueous solution (58), (59). The kill mechanism of ClO2 is by interfering with protein synthesis(14), and by reacting with proteins and lipids, thereby increasing the permeability of the outer membrane(60), which causes loss of intracellular ions (61)and major destruction. This theory of kill mechanism of ClO2 gas was observed in several studies. Han et al. (17) determined that when Listeriamonocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7were treated with higher gas concentration (1.8 and 3 mg/l),their resistance was similar. However, at lower gas concentration and short treatment time (0.6 mg/l for 15 min), L. monocytogenes was more sensitive than E. coli O157:H7. The difference in resistance between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, is due to the difference in cell wall structure and components"

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"Chlorite is enriched in iron concentrate during strong magnetic separation, which reduces the grade of iron concentrate. Despite these facts, the reports of separation of chlorite and weak magnetic iron ore minerals have seldom been reported, especially in the aspects of mechanism of the interaction between the reagents and minerals."

The mole ratio r(r=[I−]0/[ClO2]0) has great influence on ClO2-I−-H2SO4 closed reaction system. By changing the initiate concentration of potassium iodide, the curve of absorbance along with the reaction time was obtained at 350 nm and 297 nm for triiodide ion, and 460 nm for iodine. The changing point of the absorbance curve's shape locates at r=6.00. For the reaction of ClO2-I− in the absence of H2SO4, the curve of absorbance along with the reaction time can be obtained at 350 nm for triiodide ion, 460 nm for iodine. The mole ratio r is equal to 1.00 is the changing point of the curve's sh...

In order to study the chemical oscillatory behavior and mechanism of a new chlorine dioxide-iodide ion-methyl acetoacetate reaction system, a series of experiments were done by using UV-Vis and online FTIR spectrophotometric method. The initial concentrations of methyl acetoacetate, chlorine dioxide, potassium iodide, and sulfuric acid and the pH value have great influence on the oscillation observed at wavelength of 289 nm. There is a preoscillatory or induction period, and the amplitude and the number of oscillations are associated with the initial concentration of reactants. The equation...