""O₂-generating reactions are exceedingly rare in biology and difficult to mimic synthetically. Perchlorate-respiring bacteria enzymatically detoxify chlorite (ClO₂(-) ), the end product of the perchlorate (ClO(4)(-) ) respiratory pathway, by rapidly converting it to dioxygen (O₂) and chloride (Cl(-)). This reaction is catalyzed by a heme-containing protein, called chlorite dismutase (Cld), which bears no structural or sequence relationships with known peroxidases or other heme proteins and is part of a large family of proteins with more than one biochemical function. The original assumptions from the 1990s that perchlorate is not a natural product and that perchlorate respiration might be confined to a taxonomically narrow group of species have been called into question, as have the roles of perchlorate respiration and Cld-mediated reactions in the global biogeochemical cycle of chlorine. ""

"O₂-generating reactions are exceedingly rare in biology and difficult to mimic synthetically. Perchlorate-respiring bacteria enzymatically detoxify chlorite (ClO₂(-) ), the end product of the perchlorate (ClO(4)(-) ) respiratory pathway, by rapidly converting it to dioxygen (O₂) and chloride (Cl(-)). This reaction is catalyzed by a heme-containing protein, called chlorite dismutase (Cld), which bears no structural or sequence relationships with known peroxidases or other heme proteins and is part of a large family of proteins with more than one biochemical function. The original assumptions from the 1990s that perchlorate is not a natural product and that perchlorate respiration might be confined to a taxonomically narrow group of species have been called into question, as have the roles of perchlorate respiration and Cld-mediated reactions in the global biogeochemical cycle of chlorine. "

"Chlorite dismutases (Clds) are therefore important molecules in bioremediation as Clds catalyze the degradation of chlorite to chloride and molecular oxygen."

Reactions of aquacobalamin (H2O-Cbl(III)) and its one-electron reduced form (cob(II)alamin, Cbl(II)) with chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorine dioxide (ClO 2• ) were studied by conventional and stopped-flow UV-Vis spectroscopies and matrix-assisted las …

2005 "The reactions of aqueous ClO2 with tyrosine, N-acetyltyrosine, and dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) are investigated from pH 4 to 7. The reaction rates increase greatly with pH to give a series of oxidized products."

We evaluated the lethal activity of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) against Bacillus cereus spores attached to and in biofilm formed on a stainless st…

To control the waterborne transmission of enterovirus 71(EV71), which is associated with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), it is essential to know the inactivation effectiveness of disinfectants on EV71 in water. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the effects on EV71 following exposure to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) under different doses, pH, and temperature conditions. We show that the EV71 exhibited strong resistance to ClO2 (more than the MS2 standard) and that Ct value ranges required for a 4-log reduction of EV71 in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water at pH 7.2 an...

****Chlorine dioxide was not very effective at decontaminating bare pine wood. Testing included DioxiGuard 400 ppm (manufacturer Frontier Pharm had indicated would be 190 ppm) chlorine dioxide, and SanDes 1500 ppm chlorine dioxide. Tested surfaces: industrial‐grade carpet, decorative laminate, galvanized metal ductwork, painted wallboard paper, painted cinder block, bare pine wood and glass.

{**Reactions with metal in pipes} "The possible ClO2 loss and the formation of chlorite/chlorate should be carefully considered in drinking water distribution systems containing copper pipes."" Metal oxides generally enhanced ClO2 decay in a second-order process via three pathways: (1) catalytic disproportionation with equimolar formation of chlorite and chlorate, (2) reaction to chlorite and oxygen, and (3) oxidation of a metal in a reduced form (e.g., cuprous oxide) to a higher oxidation state."

"In experiments A) and B) one has to take into account that at the pH established by the citric acid only a part of the added chlorite appears in its protonated form as chlorous acid, and this fact makes the calculations rather complicated. " {Discussion includes Chloric acid, HClO3--an oxoacid of chlorine, and the formal precursor of chlorate salts.}

[Helped invent Solonium and study Chlorine Dioxide as a "size-selective antimicrobial"} "He soon learned that ClO2 is far more than a simple “nonlinear” reactant; it is a highly effective disinfectant, or, in other words, the “ideal biocide”. " "The scientific discovery that ClO2 is a size-selective disinfectant that guarantees the advantageous medical applications of Solumium. Most importantly, the theory explains why Solumium is completely harmless to humans while it kills bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoons practically at once. " "As Solumium is a local disinfectant that can be used only on the outer and inner surfaces of the body (on skin and wounds, or on mucous membranes of the body like mouth or throat), it can replace antibiotics in these application"

{Company that purchased Alcide chlorine dioxide company (formerly owned by Howard Alliger???)} Research & Development, Experts, etc

{High efficiency, on-site generation} "PURATE is a blend of 40% sodium chlorate (active ingredient) and 8% hydrogen peroxide (stabilizer) with the balance being water. The reduction of sodium chlorate with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions produces chlorine dioxide (ClO2). It’s made easy with our pre-blended PURATE solution." "Competitors - Low Efficiency: Some chlorite-based generators can achieve 95% efficiency when properly calibrated. However, three-chemical generators (sodium chlorite + hypochlorite + HCl) quickly lose performance and require frequent adjustments and calibrations. As a result, they typically operate with lower efficiency. One particular chlorite technology (sodium chlorite + HCl) can operate with high efficiency but with a low yield. Inherent in the chemistry is the need to use 5 molecules of sodium chlorite to produce 4 molecules of ClO2, making 80% the maximum possible yield. Because of low yields, this technology is economically limited to small accounts, typically less than 1 kg/hr." *****"PURATE and sulfuric acid are NOT covered chemicals under Process Safety Management (PSM). Even though ClO2 is a covered chemical, it is generated on site and used immediately, so the threshold quantity (TQ) is never even approached. "

{Lactic acid can be used in generating Chlorine Dioxide.} Germ-killing composition produced by contacting an acid material, preferably consisting of at least about 15% by weight of lactic acid, with sodium chlorite in aqueous media, the amount of acid being sufficient to *****lower the PH of the aqueous media to less than about 7." including particularly advantageous for use in ultrasonic cleaning devices." "Other authority holds that the ClO2 accelerates the metabolism of a bacterial cell to the detriment of cell growth. Yet other credible authority asserts that the chlorine ion in ClO2 goes through as many as 8 possible oxidation states in passing through a spore wall. As an algaecide, ClO2 destroys the chlorophyll, breaks down the cell until water is lost from the protoplasm, and thereafter completely destroys or oxidizes the cell "

"...Because hypochlorite (ClO−) is an intermediate occurring in the course of the reaction mechanism, similar experiments were carried out with solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at alkaline and acidic pHs. Electron paramagnetic re...

"during the reaction at pH 8 revealed that 2 mol of chlorite are liberated for every 1 mol of oxidized nonphenolic lignin model compound formed, consistent with two consecutive one-electron-transfer processes. In contrast, the low-pH reactions produced mostly ring oxidation products and chlorinated organic material, accompanied by increased levels of hypochlorous acid. The transient hypochlorous acid rapidly reacted with chlorite to generate chloride ions, with a maximum chloride formation at pH 4. Chlorate formation was shown to increase with increasing reaction pH. These results are in contrast to those previously reported for reactions with wood pulps and are explained on the basis of the slow reaction kinetics of nonphenolic lignin moieties as compared to phenolic ones, thereby enabling hypochlorous acid to react with chlorine dioxide to produce chlorate."

"Chlorine dioxide is 2.6 times more powerful per ppm than Chlorine. Chlorine Dioxide has a lower oxidation potential and does not hydrolyse to form an acid, and therefore is less corrosive."

Aims: Daily exposure to 100 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide of single species and binary biofilms of dairy‐associated Bacillus cereus DL5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens M2, attached to stainless steel surfaces...

*****Recently it was shown that free available chlorine (FAC) is formed during the oxidation of organic compounds with ClO2. To investigate the moieties in natural organic matter..."

*****!!!** [Murine Coronavirus A59 might be considered a suitable surrogate test virus for SARS-CoV-2 per ???]

PDF | In recent years, reports have indicated that the use of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) instead of chlorine as a preoxidant during water treatment is... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

****!!!! When a water tap is opened, small amounts of chlorine dioxide diffuse into the air and combine with existing household odors. All homes have volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air produced by scented products (soaps, candles, air fresheners, incense, potpourri), cleaning agents or solvents, paint, carpet, furnishings, fresh flowers or wreaths, and many other common household items. The VOC/chlorine dioxide combination odors have been described as smelling like fuel oil, kerosene, chemicals or cat urine, to name the most common. Studies have not identified any health concerns associated with this combined odor. The strongest odors are associated with installing new carpet, upholstered furniture or draperies andinterior painting. The odor will continue until the level of VOCs decreases (new smell goes away). This can take from a few weeks up to several months to dissipate depending on the situation, type of materials, amount of ventilation, etc.

Several chlorooxygen compounds, hydrogen peroxide and reducing molecules in the presence of chelated iron (Fenton systems) are oxidants of biological relevance. These compounds are either produced in living tissues or are in use as disinfectants or drugs. Tetrachlorodecaoxide as the active principle in the drug OXOFERIN can be differentiated from the above mentioned oxidants by means of simple biochemical test systems where different activators and detector molecules are used."

The heme enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld) catalyzes the degradation of chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. Although structure and steady-state kinetics of Clds have been elucidated, many questions remain (e.g., the mechanism of chlorite cleavage and the ...

******* Alcide (sodium chlorite and lactic acid combined to make chlorine dioxide). "Alcide inhibited DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; however, RNA and protein synthesis were affected at much lower concentrations. The accumulation of the amino acid analog amino-isobutyric acid into growing cultures of E. coli was only partially impaired by Alcide. Cell-free protein synthesis using an RNA directed system was inhibited by Alcide and this effect was lessened in the presence of mercaptoethanol. Higher concentrations of Alcide (1 mM) oxidized 25% of the methionine to methionine sulfoxide."

Sodium chlorite has been demonstrated to be capable of epoxidizing a variety of olefins at 55−65 °C (oil bath). Chlorine dioxide is believed to be the pivotal epoxidizing agent in the reaction on the basis of the mechanistic studies.

The stability and bactericidal efficacy of solid chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant powder in single-pack are good. The solution containing 100 mg/L ClO2 can kill vegetative forms of bacteria. The concentration of ClO2 on the disinfecting surface of objects is 100 mg/L. The disinfectant powder is n …