"The following conversions will enable you to blend a 25% sodium chlorite solution from Technical Sodium Chlorite (dry) product."

Create a 0.3% Chlorine Dioxide solution with Twin-Oxide two part powder system and treat up to 60,000l of potable water at up to 2ppm

"The solution is stable under neutral to slightly acidic conditions but will decay under more acidic conditions which can be prevented by adding a small amount of alkalinity (

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

{Includes chart of acids' effectiveness in adjusting pH} "If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims...." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution." "Pro Oxine’s product is buffered to an 8 to 8.5 pH solution while most tech grade products are buffered between a 9 to 10 pH solution, therefore the higher pKa acids perform poorly with tech grade chlorites. That is why you generally need more chlorite and more acid to generate FREE CLO2 with tech grade chlorites." "Around 2 to 2.5 pH for it to be effective at generating FREE CLO2." "Tech grade chlorites call for at least 15 minutes of contact with your acid or ‘activator’ before being administered into the water system. With Pro Oxine it calls for 10 minutes. This means it was able to generate the FREE component of the solution (actual CLO2) quicker. Pro Oxine was also able to get a FREE component at a lower TOTAL solution. " ***Other topic: "dropping the pH of the litter to below 4.0 will convert the litter into a medium hostile to the growth and survival of pathogenic bacteria. Normal gut flora, on the other hand, prefer a low pH environment so while dropping the litter pH to 4.0 or less will reduce pathogenic bacteria, it will actually create a favorable environment for healthy bacteria" "acidifying drinking water... assists in the establishment of normal flora, the exclusion of pathogens such as salmonella and the prevention of necrotic enteritis. The use of a mineral acid such as sodium bisulfate..."

*****!!!**** {Includes graphs of bactericidal effects at different temperatures and pH} "Chlorine dioxide reacts primarily by oxidation; however, chlorine reacts by both oxidation and electrophilic substitution to yield volatile and nonvolatile chlorinated organic substances (THMs)." "1.34 lb of pure sodium chlorite will react with 0.5 lb of chlorine to produce 1.0 lb of chlorine dioxide. However, since dry technical sodium chlorite is 80% active, the reaction takes 1.68 lb of technical sodium chlorite. Usually a slight excess of chlorine should be used to insure that the reaction solution has a pH value between 2-4. This will produce chlorine dioxide more efficiently" "chlorine dioxidecan also be prepared by mixing sodium hypochlorite bleaching solution with sodium chlorite and an acid... The reaction with sulfuric acid as shown... produces the highest purity chlorine dioxide. Other inorganic and organic acids may be used and hydrochloric acid reportedly produces the most efficient generation of chlorine dioxide." "Sodium chlorite may cause anemia by oral exposure and has low toxicity by dermal exposure. Dry sodium chlorite has an oral LD50 (rat) of 165 mg/kg and sodium chlorite solutions have an oral LD50 (rat) of 350 mg/kg. Sodium chlorite dry and solution products have a dermal LD50 (rabbit) of greater than 2 g/kg." "Sodium chlorite, dry, is a fire or explosion hazard when contaminated with combustible material... Sodium chlorite, solution, also becomes a fire or explosion hazard if allowed to dry and can ignite... Continue to keep damp."

The potential of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for the oxidation of pharmaceuticals during water treatment was assessed by determining second-order rate con…

" this study investigated the reactions of ClO2 with 30 model compounds, 10 humic substances and 2 surface waters. ClO2- yields were found to be dependent on the distribution of functional groups. ClO2 oxidation of amines, di- and tri-hydroxybenzenes at pH 7.0 had ClO2- yields 50%, while oxidation of olefins, thiols and benzoquinones had ClO2- yields..."

"for complete inactivation of HAV and Feline calicivirus, concentrations > or = 0.6 mg/l are required. This observation is true for Coxsackie B5 too, but this virus has shown a good sensitivity at all concentration tested according to regression analysis results. For Feline calicivirus and HAV, at low concentrations of disinfectant, prolonged contact times were needed to obtain a 99.99% reduction of viral titres (about 16 and 20 minutes respectively). "

****!!!!****"If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims." "Sodium Chlorite is widely used as a sanitizer and can be effective at inhibiting bacteria. It is important to know that chlorite solutions can carry anti-microbial claims listed as static or stasis by the EPA. That means chlorite solutions can inhibit or prevent bacteria growth of present organisms" [without necessarily destroying them] "we have found the liquid inorganic acids like LpH 100 work best and allow for less acid to be used with higher conversion to CLO2." "Contact time with your acid or ‘activator’ and pH of the working solution your acid is creating. Those two dynamics will determine how much Chlorine Dioxide you actually generate." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution. The remaining sodium chlorite is important and will play a critical role in how well your product works over time." "Bio-Cide’s AANE [Automatic Activation Non Electric] system... to deliver product without ever having to mix products but allows for proper contact time and pH in your working solution to generate FREE CLO2 in your water system. The system is very easy to set up and can be used with any pump system you already have" "So you can essentially have 1.8 ppm TOTAL and .8 ppm FREE under the potable water claim approved by the EPA." " you never have to turn off your system to run other supportive care products or water soluble antibiotics. Since CLO2 is a ‘selective’ oxidizer it doesn’t seem to negatively affect these other products"

****!!!!**** "The photochemical decomposition is characterized by small quantities of O3+ atoms and of equal amounts of chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen, the latter originating in the reaction: ClOO --- Cl + O2" "The isomer ClOO is formed by the geminate recombination of ClO and O, a process which is twice as important as diffusion of the fragments into the mass of the solution an done which represents 30% of the decomposition of the chlorine dioxide. Under our experimental conditions, the lifetime of the ClOO is less than one microsecond."

****!!!!**** "The method of chlorine dioxide bacterial kill at low ppm concentration seems to occur by the disruption of protein synthesis and enzyme inactivation.48 49 This is similar to the "time honored", non-toxic mechanism of some common antibiotics. Oxidation of RNA and DNA do not appear to take place, or are at least unimportant in the process. The site of action lies in the soluble fraction of the cell and there appears to be no damage to whole structural components such as ribosomes" "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral capsid.52 Human cells do not have similar cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. This is probably the same internal protective mechanism that prevents damage from oxygen and free radicals. Bacteria and viruses do not contain most of these reducing compounds. Because ClO2 is a strong oxidizing agent and also itself a free radical, it quickly neutralizes reactive molecules,such as ****cytokines**** and oxygen free-radicals such as NO•, O2¯, H2O2, HClO, and OH •that are produced in the body by macrophages. These oxygen compounds are released in response to stress or infection and cause inflammation and pain. Other potential irritants found in wounds are similarly oxidized or reduced, such as leukotrienes, TNF, and interleukin. This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes IOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, or chlorhexidine, healing is not impeded.53 54 Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success.55 DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "The NOAEL, from animal ingestion studies involving ClO2 and ClO2 ̄, ranges to 100 ppmv[???] about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical use. . Water solutions of ClO2 will remain stable for several months if stored in a glass or PET bottle. “Stabilized” chlorine dioxide, which is a buffered solution ofsodium chlorite, does not release ClO2 until the pH of the solution is brought below 3." "Many nutrition and toxicology studies have been performed assessing chlorine dioxide's effect on flour. Treatment of flour with 200 ppm, fed to rats, had no effect after several generations.24,25 Flour treated with up to 500 ppm (5 times the concentration in DioxiCure Gel) fed to puppies had no untoward effect.26 Thirteen human subjects fed experimentally for six weeks with flour products that were treated with doses up to 400 ppm had no detectable toxic symptoms.27 Flour bleached with normal dosage is not reduced appreciably in nutritive value.28 Essential fatty acids are generally not effected, but tocopherol and cystine are oxidized." "hippuric acid, cinnamic acid, betaine, creatine, alanine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, asparaginic acid, asparagine, glutaminic acid, serine, hydroxyproline, taurine, ... HO groups in alcohols and HO acids"

****!!!!**** (2019) {Instructions (some of which probably need changes/corrections) for many uses. Also, lists of pathogens affected, with linked studies.} Vapor for Disinfection & Mold Elimination: 1 Gram Chlorine Dioxide per 1 square feet (w/10’ ceilings) [Researcher calcs: (0.28 m3). =3,571 mg/m3=1,275 ppmV in air], 3 to 24 hours – depending on issue severity of issue *****Concentrations to use for many applications****chart below shows how well ClO2 performs against alternatives. (other disinfectants)** Pathogens lisr with studies references **RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTAINERS USED WITH CLO2 PRODUCTS...wear a NOISH/MSHA-approved respirator under the following conditions..." "Initial or remedial treatment... DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS... Achieve a 5 ppm solution RESIDUAL concentration" "Continuous treatment... between 0.25 ppm and 0.5ppm"

*****!!!!**** {This article only mentions chlorine dioxide effectiveness against SARS-CoV-1, not SARS-CoV-2, against which it has greater effectiveness} "The exposure of SARS-CoV-2 (7.8 of log10 (TCID50/ml) to 1:49 (~150 ppm) and 1:99 (~75 ppm) *household bleach* resulted in the virus titer being reduced below levels of detection after 5 min" "The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."

{Mixing instructions, etc} "If you want the... report send me an e-mail"

Sodium Chlorate, etc

{Includes other ***!!!!*** excellent links on effects on chemistry body}

{Exspor & Clidox CD} "Chorine dioxide is not only a potent sporicide when used in aqueous solution, but has also been shown to be 1,075 times more sporicidal than ethylene oxide gas when used in the gaseous state1, a trait Dr. Trexler considers essential for any sporicide used in Gnotobiotics because air bubbles can become trapped below liquids" "0.007%. The stoichiometry of the reaction of the Clidox-S® base (sodium chlorite) with the Clidox-S® activator (hydroacetic acid) shows that even if every single molecule of the 0.85% sodium chlorite in the Clidox-S® base were converted completely to chlorine dioxide, it would still not generate the 3% (30,000 ppm) of chlorine dioxide cited." "the role of biological burden should have been given more consideration. What is the probability that a million spores would fall from the ambient air into an entry port during the brief time it is open? With an exposure time of mere minutes, one would undoubtedly be challenged with no more than 10 to a 40 viable dust particles and about 1 to 4 of them would be sporeforming species"

[Combinations affected lethality in presence of other materials.] Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthraci …

{ists references to all Gov regulatory info sources re. SC and CD}{includes % & ingredients of tech-grade and various other SC products} "Sodium chlorite is available in both dry and liquid forms. The dry forms contain approximately 80% Sodium chlorite and the solutions range from 7.5% to 40% sodium chlorite."

{ppm, time, pesticide & pathogen reduction levels} "chlorine dioxide gas was reported to successfully remove 35% to 60% pesticide residues such as azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, dimethomorph (Z), and dimethomorph (E) from table grapes" "The presence of unstable phosphoric acid ester linkage in organophosphorus pesticides make it more susceptible to oxidation, and it is easy to breakdown using ClO2"

As chlorine dioxide gas is intended only for the uses specified...air releases are expected to be negligible. Using SMT’s method of chlorine dioxide production, the only potential release of chlorine dioxide to the atmosphere is by off-gassing from process water. As a result, air releases from the use of chlorine dioxide as proposed in this FCN are expected to be far below the 3 ppm residual. Small amounts of the FCS which were to volatilize out of solution would rapidly decompose. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, ***gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen*** when released to the atmosphere... Chlorine dioxide undergoes a reduction to chloride, chlorite, and chlorate ions as it is exposed to organic matter. Additionally, chlorine dioxide often reduces to chlorine and oxygen when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and from there it is likely to degrade into chloride ions.

{A number of statements in this document need verification. Author has non-traditional background.} "The use of a family of chemical agents, releasing active species of oxygen, effective against infectious microorganisms and viruses is described with emphasis on Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), one of the oxides of chlorine. " "Explanation of the biochemical mechanisms of acid of CLO2 as an anti-microbial agent, is presented. Particular attention is given to Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, polio virus, Herpes I and II, HTLV-III and Pseudomonas responding to the clinical application of CLO2. It is implied that these biochemical mechanisms are so fundamental that the development of resistant strains of bacteria and/or yeast would not occur with other anti-infectious agents. Limited lists of health abnormalities that respond to CLO2 are discussed."

Because surface disinfectants are an important means of pathogen control within laboratory animal facilities, these products must have an appropriate spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, many other factors must also be considered, including effects ...