Chlorine vs. Chlorine Dioxide different features against biofilm growth

Not all Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectants are equally . The older acidified sodium chlorite solution technologies achieve only about 10-30% conversion of chlorite anion to chlorine dioxide, require a very acidic pH(around 2) and result in a much more corrosive solution and a higher amount ofcorrosive residue (in the form of unconverted sodium chlorite salt).

Do the standard Free Chlorine test and multiply the result by 1.9 for the Chlorine Dioxide value. The 1.9 multiplier due to the ratio of ClO2 67.5g to Cl 35.5g. {Calculations}

The five investigated chemicals decreased in toxicity in the order chlorine dioxide, performic acid, peracetic acid, chlorite and hydrogen peroxide. The stability of the chemicals increased in the same order as the toxicity decrease. This indicates that even though ClO2 has the highest environmental hazard potential, it may still be suitable as an alternative disinfectant due to its rapid degradation in water.

The bacterial virus f2 was inactivated by chlorine dioxide at acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values. Therateofinactivation increased withincreasingpH. Chlorine dioxide disproportionation products, chlorite and chlorate, were not active disinfectants. Aschlorinedioxidesolutionsweredegradedunderalkalineconditions,theydisplayedreducedviricidaleffectiveness,therebyconfirmingthechlorinedioxidefreeradicalastheactivedisinfectingspecies.

Pure ClO2 has a boiling point of 52 degrees Fahrenheit at normal atmospheric pressure. This means that at room temperature, pure ClO2 is a gas that is yellow or reddish-yellow in color. Below 52 degrees Fahrenheit, chlorine dioxide is a reddish-brown liquid. A 10 grams per liter solution of chlorine dioxide is a pale greenish liquid. It has a strong, unpleasant odor

{Side note: Air sweeps are used to prevent dangerous build-up of gas}

An aqueous chlorine dioxide solution which comprises dissolved chlorine dioxide in a concentration of about 10 to 3000 mg/l, pH in the range of about 1 to 6, and a chlorine scavenging means such as sodium chlorite in a ratio in the range of about 1:4 to 1:15 (w/w) sodium chlorite to chlorine dioxide. The chlorine dioxide solution may be stored for use over a period of several days to several months.

Chlorine dioxide product compared to othr chemicals

Overview Health effects Environmental effects Sources of emissions References Description The major use of chlorine dioxide is as a bleach in a number of industries: in cleaning and de-tanning of leather, and as a bleaching agent for wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, and beeswax. Chlorine dioxide is registered as a bactericide, fungicide and algaecide. It

Three contractors were injured in an ASU lab after a cylinder containing chlorine dioxide experienced a "high-pressure release."

***"The use of biocides effective against SARS-CoV-2 in toilet bowls apart from cleaning could be considered." Lists chlorine dioxide as effective against coronaviruses for disinfecting fomites and air. *Mentions that CD was reported as less effective than Chlorine against SARS-CoV-1 in some conditions.*

"Since time is inherently involved in both dose-response and survival curves, each cannot be considered in isolation but as a manifestation of the same underlying inactivation kinetics." Differences between bacteria and virus impacts. "The CT concept is only applicable to survival patterns that follow first-order kinetics where the rate constant is proportional to the disinfectant’s concentration... its utility as a measure of a volatile chemical disinfectant’s dosage should be reconsidered.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is used for disinfection of water and pollutant control. Recently it was shown that free available chlorine (FAC) is formed during the oxidation of organic compounds with ClO2. To investigate the moieties in natural organic matter (NOM) responsible for the FAC formation, reactions of

The mode of action of chlorine dioxide on Escherichia coli was assessed by studying outer membrane permeability to macromolecules and potassium, and observing effects on respiration. The results indi...

****!!!!****"If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims." "Sodium Chlorite is widely used as a sanitizer and can be effective at inhibiting bacteria. It is important to know that chlorite solutions can carry anti-microbial claims listed as static or stasis by the EPA. That means chlorite solutions can inhibit or prevent bacteria growth of present organisms" [without necessarily destroying them] "we have found the liquid inorganic acids like LpH 100 work best and allow for less acid to be used with higher conversion to CLO2." "Contact time with your acid or ‘activator’ and pH of the working solution your acid is creating. Those two dynamics will determine how much Chlorine Dioxide you actually generate." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution. The remaining sodium chlorite is important and will play a critical role in how well your product works over time." "Bio-Cide’s AANE [Automatic Activation Non Electric] system... to deliver product without ever having to mix products but allows for proper contact time and pH in your working solution to generate FREE CLO2 in your water system. The system is very easy to set up and can be used with any pump system you already have" "So you can essentially have 1.8 ppm TOTAL and .8 ppm FREE under the potable water claim approved by the EPA." " you never have to turn off your system to run other supportive care products or water soluble antibiotics. Since CLO2 is a ‘selective’ oxidizer it doesn’t seem to negatively affect these other products"

1958 ***Includes important graphs on solubility, etc. {Translation of text at www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakoronbunshu1953/22/3/22_3_153/_article/-char/en AND translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fkakoronbunshu1953%2F22%2F3%2F22_3_153%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja}

*CD effectiveness against various pathogens (The main page on viability and susceptibility of micro-organisms to disinfectants is here) Contents Data on the persistence and the susceptibility to disinfectants of some viruses Data on the

What is ClO₂?ClO₂ is an U.S. EPA approved sanitizer, disinfectant, deodorizer, tuberculocide, algaecide, fungicide and U.S. FDA recognized food additive and preservative. Chemical Signature ClO₂ Forms Gas Vapor or Liquid DescriptionChlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is an exceptionally effective and versatile yet low toxicity odor, mold and smoke eliminator. ClO₂ has a 50 year history of effective

****!!!!**** "The photochemical decomposition is characterized by small quantities of O3+ atoms and of equal amounts of chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen, the latter originating in the reaction: ClOO --- Cl + O2" "The isomer ClOO is formed by the geminate recombination of ClO and O, a process which is twice as important as diffusion of the fragments into the mass of the solution an done which represents 30% of the decomposition of the chlorine dioxide. Under our experimental conditions, the lifetime of the ClOO is less than one microsecond."

The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information

The mechanism and toxicity of TCS degradation by ClO2 was investigated. Intermediate products during the oxidation process were identified by GC/MS and LC/MS. A microtox bioassay and a SOS/umu assay were employed to evaluate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of the resulting solutions d …