The explosion characteristics of chlorine dioxide gas have been studied for the first time in a cylindrical exploder with a shell capacity of 20 L. The experimental results have indicated that the lower concentration limit for the explosive decomposition of chlorine dioxide gas is 9.5% ([ClO(2)]/[ai …

The isolation of a highly resistant vegetative Gram-positive bacterium to a highly reactive oxidizing agent is worrying. Understanding the mechanisms conferring such resistance is essential to effectively control such bacterial isolates. Here, we postulate that there are still mechanisms of bacteria …

****!!!!**** "The method of chlorine dioxide bacterial kill at low ppm concentration seems to occur by the disruption of protein synthesis and enzyme inactivation.48 49 This is similar to the "time honored", non-toxic mechanism of some common antibiotics. Oxidation of RNA and DNA do not appear to take place, or are at least unimportant in the process. The site of action lies in the soluble fraction of the cell and there appears to be no damage to whole structural components such as ribosomes" "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral capsid.52 Human cells do not have similar cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. This is probably the same internal protective mechanism that prevents damage from oxygen and free radicals. Bacteria and viruses do not contain most of these reducing compounds. Because ClO2 is a strong oxidizing agent and also itself a free radical, it quickly neutralizes reactive molecules,such as ****cytokines**** and oxygen free-radicals such as NO•, O2¯, H2O2, HClO, and OH •that are produced in the body by macrophages. These oxygen compounds are released in response to stress or infection and cause inflammation and pain. Other potential irritants found in wounds are similarly oxidized or reduced, such as leukotrienes, TNF, and interleukin. This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes IOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, or chlorhexidine, healing is not impeded.53 54 Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success.55 DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "The NOAEL, from animal ingestion studies involving ClO2 and ClO2 ̄, ranges to 100 ppmv[???] about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical use. . Water solutions of ClO2 will remain stable for several months if stored in a glass or PET bottle. “Stabilized” chlorine dioxide, which is a buffered solution ofsodium chlorite, does not release ClO2 until the pH of the solution is brought below 3." "Many nutrition and toxicology studies have been performed assessing chlorine dioxide's effect on flour. Treatment of flour with 200 ppm, fed to rats, had no effect after several generations.24,25 Flour treated with up to 500 ppm (5 times the concentration in DioxiCure Gel) fed to puppies had no untoward effect.26 Thirteen human subjects fed experimentally for six weeks with flour products that were treated with doses up to 400 ppm had no detectable toxic symptoms.27 Flour bleached with normal dosage is not reduced appreciably in nutritive value.28 Essential fatty acids are generally not effected, but tocopherol and cystine are oxidized." "hippuric acid, cinnamic acid, betaine, creatine, alanine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, asparaginic acid, asparagine, glutaminic acid, serine, hydroxyproline, taurine, ... HO groups in alcohols and HO acids"

Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Chlorine dioxide, 10049-04-4.

****!!!!**** (2019) {Instructions (some of which probably need changes/corrections) for many uses. Also, lists of pathogens affected, with linked studies.} Vapor for Disinfection & Mold Elimination: 1 Gram Chlorine Dioxide per 1 square feet (w/10’ ceilings) [Researcher calcs: (0.28 m3). =3,571 mg/m3=1,275 ppmV in air], 3 to 24 hours – depending on issue severity of issue *****Concentrations to use for many applications****chart below shows how well ClO2 performs against alternatives. (other disinfectants)** Pathogens lisr with studies references **RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTAINERS USED WITH CLO2 PRODUCTS...wear a NOISH/MSHA-approved respirator under the following conditions..." "Initial or remedial treatment... DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS... Achieve a 5 ppm solution RESIDUAL concentration" "Continuous treatment... between 0.25 ppm and 0.5ppm"

{Mentions active CD amts in Oxine} "It is clear from the results that *inactivated* ClO2 has no measurable sporidical properties."

**Derived from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7403125/

***Tailing occurs even at constant ClO2 concentrations. The cause for tailing is the deposition of an adduct onto the virus capsid over the course of the experiment, which protects the viruses. This adduct could easily be removed by washing, which restored the susceptibility of the viruses to ClO2. This finding highlights an important ***shortcoming of ClO2, namely its self-limiting effect on virus disinfection***. It is important to take this effect into account in treatment applications to ensure that the water is sufficiently disinfected before human consumption.

1982

The emergence of waterborne viruses with resistance to disinfection has been demonstrated in the laboratory and in the environment. Yet, the implications of such resistance for virus control remain obscure. In this study we investigate if viruses with ...

{Powder capsule for generating Chlorine Dioxide. Includes recommended use in refrigerators.}

{Includes CD} Oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions are very important in drinking water. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measurements reflect the redox state of water. Redox measurements are not widely made by drinking water utilities in part because they are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of oxidant type and concentration on the ORP of carbonate buffered water as a function of pH. Oxidants that were studied included: chlorine, monochloramine, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. ORP decreased with increasing pH, regardless of the ox...

Includes CD op. "APHIS uses antimicrobial products registered by EPA for use against influenza A viruses, and also uses the sterilant, chlorine dioxide, for disinfection of premises." "Chlorine dioxide, a frequently used gaseous sterilant for clean-up following an HPAI outbreak is a powerful oxidizer and unstable in light (HHS, 2004). Therefore, it is not expected to significantly impact air quality. When using chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants, label instructions should be followed to ensure proper use of the chemical and to minimize impacts to the environment"

Provided are apparatuses and methods for making chlorine dioxide on demand by converting a chlorine dioxide generating solution into chlorine dioxide by exposure to UV light.

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Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2002, S. Dobson and others published Chlorine dioxide (Gas) | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

The Science Behind the Formula Anti Bacterial Effectiveness General Detergent Cresol, Phenol Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) Ethanol (Alcohol) Virus Protect+ (Chlorine Dioxide) 99.99%

An aqueous stabilised chlorine dioxide solution for use as a universal biocide. The stabilized solution preferably, but not necessarily, includes: (A) an effective stabilising amount of ClO 2 − ions; (B) an effective biocidal amount of ClO 2 ; (C) an acidulator sufficient to release ClO 2 , in a safe manner, and (D) an amount of water qs. The solution may, but not necessarily, have a molar ratio of components (A):(B) that is from 20:1 to 1:20.

(2017). Chlorine dioxide oxidation of Escherichia coli in water – A study of the disinfection kinetics and mechanism. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 598-606.

Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures ...

****"the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics."

This paper investigated the encapsulation complex (EC) of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in α-cyclodextrin. The encapsulation process was evaluated with vary…