Resulting chemicals from different ingreds for airborne CD gas

Environmental chemical exposure is a major concern for consumers of packaged goods. The complexity of chemical nomenclature and wide availability of scientific research provide detailed information but lends itself to misinterpretation by the lay person. ...

****!!!!*** " Virucidal effects of chlorous acid on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses were characterized. The virucidal activity was prominent in enveloped viruses. However, among non-enveloped viruses, viruses such as human rhinovirus and feline calicivirus showed a significant sensitivity to the reagent, whereas others such as poliovirus and coxsackievirus showed a weak sensitivity to the reagent, ***suggesting the presence of 2 classes of sensitivity to the reagent, among non-enveloped viruses.*** In addition, characterization of the mode of inactivation by the reagent revealed that ***virus inactivation is strongly dependent on virus species, contaminated proteins, and solvent system composition.**** Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of chlorous acid with those of sodium hypochlorite or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) revealed that chlorous acid was similar to SDS and remarkably weaker than sodium hypochlorite. These results indicate the unique nature of chlorous acid as a potent virucidal agent with tolerable tissue damage, and reveal the merits and limitations of chlorous acid as a disinfectant in food hygiene and sanitizer in healthcare."

Concentrations for effectiveness against pathogens (inc 10 ppm and 100 ppm)

{Many useful citation extracts} "the antimicrobial activity of ClO2 is attributable primarily to its protein-denaturing activity. By solubility analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of enzymatic activity, I demonstrate that protein is rapidly denatured by ClO2 with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of ClO2 in the reaction mixture. Circular dichroism spectra of the ClO2-treated proteins show a change in ellipticity at 220 nm, indicating a decrease in alpha-helical content. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that transition temperature and endothermic transition enthalpy of heat-induced unfolding decrease in the ClO2-treated protein. The enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreases to 10% within 15 s of treatment with 10 microM ClO2. Elemental analyses show that oxygen, but not chlorine, atoms are incorporated in the ClO2-treated protein, providing direct evidence that protein is oxidized by ClO2. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy show that tryptophan residues become N-formylkynurenine and tyrosine residues become 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) or 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA) in the ClO2-treated proteins. Taking these results together, I conclude that microbes are inactivated by ClO2 owing to denaturation of constituent proteins critical to their integrity and/or function, and that this denaturation is caused primarily by covalent oxidative modification of their tryptophan and tyrosine residues."

The effects of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on properties and performance of 10 selected polymeric packaging materials, including polyethylene (PE), biaxially oriented poly(propylene), polystyrene...

{Also specifically refers to Sanova sanitizing product for food uses} "Sodium chlorite solution is made with sodium chloride crystals or flakes and water, and available at various concentrations, such as SANOVA® Base (25%) and Sanova® Antimicrobial Food Additive Base (25%) containing 20-50% by weight of sodium chlorite (NaClO2). While the chlorite ion (ClO2 –) is stable in aqueous solution, under acidic conditions— the acidifier can be any one of food-grade acids, chlorite forms chlorous acid (HClO2). Chlorous acid is unstable and dissociates back to chlorite ion. Other compounds like chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorate also generated. Ultimately, chlorous acid degrades to chloride (Cl–). "

no2 readily forms a dimer whereas clo2 does not - Chemistry - TopperLearning.com | ko7sbmzz

"Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2"

ICSC 0127 - CHLORINE DIOXIDE. International Labor Organization. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC)

Sodium Chlorate, etc

{Includes other ***!!!!*** excellent links on effects on chemistry body}

pH is the hydrogen ion concentration present in a given solution. A low pH value denotes acidity, whereas a high pH value indicates alkalinity.

{Ingredients/additives for soap; slow-release CD powder} {John Thangaraj patent (SIPKA) for hand soap, etc.} "in the prior art, powder or granular preparations... were known to be substantially ineffective for producing chlorine dioxide unless the powder/granules were retained in a sachet or other water-permeable barrier that provided a controlled exposure to water. The use of polyacrylate... dispenses with that requirement." "Calcium and magnesium salts are not recommended for use as desiccators... since they add to the hardness of water and reduce soap properties. " "high stability of the chlorine dioxide soap solutions described herein is believed to be due to the presence of certain surfactants... chlorine dioxide is even retained on the surface to which it has been applied (e.g., during cleaning, etc.) for a longer period of time in the presence of a surfactant(s)" "a relatively high yield of chlorine dioxide is obtained from a solid composition that has a relatively greater amount of acid and a relatively lesser amount of alkali chlorite salt" "Anionic, non-ionic, and cationic surfactants that include nitrogen-containing compounds, such as amines, ammonia, quaternary ammonium salts, or urea, are generally not suitable for use in conjunction... [because] readily react with chlorine dioxide, interfere with its release, or otherwise reduce its concentration" "one or more of fillers, disintegrates for tablet formulations, thickeners, and/or foaming agents are also incorporated"

Oxidizing and reducing agents are key terms used in describing the reactants in redox reactions that transfer electrons between reactants to form products. This page discusses what defines an …

Periodic table, in chemistry, the organized array of all the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number. When the elements are thus arranged, there is a recurring pattern called the ‘periodic law’ in their properties, in which elements in the same column (group) have similar properties.

Find the hybridization as well identify the pπ-pπ as well as pπ-dπ bonds in $\ce{ClO2}$. $\ce{ClO2}$ has 2 $\sigma$ bonds, 1 lone pair, 2π bonds and 1 odd electron. Hybridisation is equal to numb...

{Exspor & Clidox CD} "Chorine dioxide is not only a potent sporicide when used in aqueous solution, but has also been shown to be 1,075 times more sporicidal than ethylene oxide gas when used in the gaseous state1, a trait Dr. Trexler considers essential for any sporicide used in Gnotobiotics because air bubbles can become trapped below liquids" "0.007%. The stoichiometry of the reaction of the Clidox-S® base (sodium chlorite) with the Clidox-S® activator (hydroacetic acid) shows that even if every single molecule of the 0.85% sodium chlorite in the Clidox-S® base were converted completely to chlorine dioxide, it would still not generate the 3% (30,000 ppm) of chlorine dioxide cited." "the role of biological burden should have been given more consideration. What is the probability that a million spores would fall from the ambient air into an entry port during the brief time it is open? With an exposure time of mere minutes, one would undoubtedly be challenged with no more than 10 to a 40 viable dust particles and about 1 to 4 of them would be sporeforming species"

Radioactive decay is the emission of energy in the form of ionizing radiation. Example decay chains illustrate how radioactive atoms can go through many transformations as they become stable and no longer radioactive.

[Methods to help address variability] The lack of repeatable process outcomes from additive manufacturing (AM) has been broadly acknowledged as an impediment to widespread implementation. While most R&D efforts have been focused on in-process parameters and metrics and how they both relate to final part properties (e.g., microstructure, mechanical properties), much less focus has been placed on the precursor material. The Additive Manufacturing Standards Collaboration (AMSC) has identified ten gaps in the standardization of characterization of precursor material (PCM), of which five are deemed a ‘medium’ or ‘high’ priority indi...

[Combinations affected lethality in presence of other materials.] Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthraci …

Effectiveness vs Chlorine was various. CD also decreased temperature tolerance for some spores.