"FarmeTok plastic stick, which discharges chlorine dioxide at 13 ppmv / hour,"

****!!!!****!!!!**** " Nearly all AZTD samples completely decontaminated • Greater than 6 LR for topsoil at 1 cm depth, 2 hour, both RH levels • 2 cm topsoil much more difficult to decon" "Aqueous ClO2 completely ineffective ( 0.5 LR) at most robust test conditions (4000 ppm, 2 hr contact Time, 4 spray applications)"

****!!!!**** (2019) {Instructions (some of which probably need changes/corrections) for many uses. Also, lists of pathogens affected, with linked studies.} Vapor for Disinfection & Mold Elimination: 1 Gram Chlorine Dioxide per 1 square feet (w/10’ ceilings) [Researcher calcs: (0.28 m3). =3,571 mg/m3=1,275 ppmV in air], 3 to 24 hours – depending on issue severity of issue *****Concentrations to use for many applications****chart below shows how well ClO2 performs against alternatives. (other disinfectants)** Pathogens lisr with studies references **RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTAINERS USED WITH CLO2 PRODUCTS...wear a NOISH/MSHA-approved respirator under the following conditions..." "Initial or remedial treatment... DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS... Achieve a 5 ppm solution RESIDUAL concentration" "Continuous treatment... between 0.25 ppm and 0.5ppm"

****!!!!**** "WHITE PAPERS, AND APPLICATION NOTES"

****!!!!****!!!!*** (2015) ***"A methodology is proposed for quantifying the amount of ClO2 gas needed in a package and/or treatment chamber." "The diffusion coefficient was found to be 0.129, 0.145, 0.173 cm2 s−1 at 5, 23, and 40 °C, respectively. Degradation of ClO2 gas under dark, UV-A and fluorescent lamp exposure was found to follow a first-order reaction. Degradation using a 40 W UV-A lamp was approximately four orders of magnitude larger than with a 34 W fluorescent lamp." "ClO2 gas can also be converted to chlorite and then react with oxygen changing their chemical structure, mobility, and properties" "Normally, the antimicrobial activity of gaseous ClO2 increased with a longer treatment time, especially at a low treatment temperature"

****!!!!****!!!!**** "New compositions and methods are disclosed for decontaminating surfaces and enclosures that avoid problems such as salt deposits, corrosion and condensation that accompany the use of known methods. The process involves the use of chlorine dioxide solutions prepared by passing dilute chlorine gas over solid granular sodium chlorite to produce chlorine dioxide gas which is then collected in solution." "...mixing the gas with a carrier gas to produce a gas stream containing chlorine dioxide and disinfecting an enclosure. The gas can be produced by releasing chlorine dioxide gas from an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution containing less than 10% by weight of any of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite ion, hypochlorous acid, or sodium chloride or it can be produced directly for use, as described above. When solutions are used it is preferred that they contain no more than 5%, or more preferably 2.5%, [etc] of... contaminants." "[Anthrax treatment:] As chlorine dioxide gas is stripped out of solution in this method, micro-droplets of solution became entrained in the resulting gas stream and were carried into the building. These droplets deposited a corrosive mixture of water and contaminants throughout the building space causing severe corrosion and other damage. Even where there was no corrosion, salt deposits had to be removed after decontamination was complete. In addition, the solution became hot as it was produced and when pumped into the stripper column (material transfer device) and contacted with air heated by the blowers, the gas stream was warm and humid. This resulted in severe condensation within the building when the warm, humid air contacted cooler air and cooler surfaces in the building. Large mechanical cooling units were used to partially dehumidify the air but a method was never found to control humidity and chlorine dioxide gas concentration simultaneously."

"using modified maifanshi as the carrier and sodium chlorite and solid acid as the main agent, a new solid chlorine dioxide disinfectant that can release chlorine dioxide can be prepared by relying on environmental humidity, and the effect of the addition amount, activation temperature, various additives and environmental humidity on the release rate of chlorine dioxide was investigated. the results show that the addition of maifanshi can significantly reduce the peak of the release rate, eliminate the phenomenon of violent release, make the release rate in the later stage larger, and enhance the sterilization effect in the later stage; activation of maifanshi can enhance its adsorption capacity, and the optimal activation temperature is 100 °c; the addition of a certain amount of magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and superabsorbent resin can make the release rate better controlled; the smaller the relative humidity, the more gentle the release of chlorine dioxide."

*** {Excellent Powerpoint presentation about chlorine dioxide, building decontamination, etc}

***!!!!***!!!!** 2020. "Many of the innovations stop short of evaluating actual yield, practical feasibility, or basic chemistry of the technology. In this study, our aim was to evaluate ClO2 precursors, sodium chlorite and citric acid, under disparate but applicable conditions." "low temperatures reduced ClO2 reported yield. Peak rates of production at 18 °C were estimated to be 3.51 mg/h, 3.83 mg/h, and 4.78 mg/h for sample ID 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Modeling the rate of production indicated that sample IDs had significantly different rates of production... Under 2 °C, these rates were 15 fold. We also determined that the reservoir placement could affect reported ClO2 concentrations. At the same time, ClO2 was able to reduce all three pathogens in 6-log10 CFU/carrier and performed significantly better at refrigeration temperature compared to room temperature."

"Its efficacy is largely not affected by pH and organic matter and it does no react with nitrogen compounds to form chloramines. The most widely accepted antimicrobial mechanism of ClO2 is damage to protein synthesis and increased permeability of the outer cell membrane. ClO2 gas may be more effective for inactivation of foodborne pathogens than aqueous ClO2 due to its penetration ability. Also, ClO2 gas could be applied for microbial control during transportation and storage of food." "The specific objectives of this study were, (ⅰ) to investigate the effect of relative humidity, surface characteristics of samples, and temperature on the antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas... on produce and food contact surfaces, (ⅱ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of ClO2 gas with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, aerosolized sanitizer, and dry heat against foodborne pathogens on produce and seeds, (ⅲ) develop portable sustained release formulation of ClO2 gas for field application." "Combined treatment of ClO2 gas (10 ppmv) and aerosolized PAA (80 ppm) for 20 min caused 5.36, 5.06, and 4.06 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively."

***** {Very, very broad range of home uses for chlorine dioxide}

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

{Testimony given before Congress for anthrax decontamination. CD History & level questions} "Improving computer resources are allowing investigators to simulate the transport processes within buildings. However little investigation on transport of reactive materials within the indoor environment has occurred. Furthermore, the analysis of such transport characteristics requires site specific model development. Ultimately it may be possible to develop empirical safety factors for the level of dosing based on building size and configuration, however a substantial experimental and modeling effort would be required to develop these relationships."

As chlorine dioxide gas is intended only for the uses specified...air releases are expected to be negligible. Using SMT’s method of chlorine dioxide production, the only potential release of chlorine dioxide to the atmosphere is by off-gassing from process water. As a result, air releases from the use of chlorine dioxide as proposed in this FCN are expected to be far below the 3 ppm residual. Small amounts of the FCS which were to volatilize out of solution would rapidly decompose. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, ***gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen*** when released to the atmosphere... Chlorine dioxide undergoes a reduction to chloride, chlorite, and chlorate ions as it is exposed to organic matter. Additionally, chlorine dioxide often reduces to chlorine and oxygen when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and from there it is likely to degrade into chloride ions.