"four major fungal toxins of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), vomitoxin (DON) and vormatoxin B1 (FB1) were studied, and the degradation effect of ZE in corn flour and its by-products in liquid and gaseous states was evaluated in combination with grain processing technology and cl02 use."

"There appeared to be no effect on the efficacy of the ClO2 under light or dark conditions"

" the phage enzyme could make a rapid decrease in the amount of BF bacteria.The elimination rate approached the maximum (80%) after 4 h of treatment. Enzyme pretreatment could also increase the disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide. Approximately 92% of the BF bacteria were eliminated after treatment with the phage enzyme followed by 30 min of treatment with chlorine dioxide"

Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite are commonly used as disinfectants, and understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance to these compounds is of considerable importance. In this study, t...

****!!!!***!!** "Glutathione levels did not correlate with the measured TAC values, despite this being the most important non-enzymatic intracellular antioxidant molecule. The results indicate that the isolated measurement of TAC does not give a clear picture of the ability of a given Candida sp. to respond to oxidative stress."

****!!!!**** "the reaction between the ferrous ion and chlorite is very fast (5–15 s) over a range of pH 6.5–8.0; in this condition a ferrous ion dose of 3.31 mg Fe/mg ClO2 completely reduced chlorite to chloride, producing minimal residual soluble iron. For pH higher than 8.0–8.5, chlorite removal is lower due to the natural transformation of the ferrou ions to ferric hydroxide. Within these pH values, chlorite can be removed completely with ferrous ion concentrations higher than the stoichiometric value. Moreover, the application of ferrous salts for chlorite removal during the coagulation process enhances the performance of the coagulation and flocculation treatment"

"This study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Aseptrol® (48 ppm and 24 ppm)" "Both disinfectants killed more susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas. aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans within 30 seconds and proved to be fungicidal by killing Candida albicans within 30 seconds.Aseptrol® and Presept® killed less susceptible mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and blood borne organism Hepatitis B virus within 30 seconds. Highly resistant B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and 2.5 minutes by Aseptrol® and Presept® respectively." "Although manufacturers recommend that the disinfectant solutions should be prepared daily, when the shelf-life of prepared solutions stored in screw cap bottles was studied, the results showed that Aseptrol® can be effectively used for 27 day" "nosocomial infections"

Methods and compositions formed as a reaction product of mono-, or di-, or polysaccharide with organic, phosphoric, or boric acid, combined with chlorine dioxide or salt of chlorite, may be dry, water free, power, tablet, paste, or gel. Disinfectant for surfaces, skin, mouth, water, industrial processes, bacterial and fungal diseases. Methods of making chlorine dioxide by irradiating chlorite salt solution with UV and optionally an acid and optionally recovered by aeration.

"The inactivation mechanisms were explored by analyzing the leakage of intracellular substances, the increase in extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and proteins as well as the changes in spore morphology. The kinetics of inactivation by chlorine dioxide fitted the Chick-Watson model, and different fungal species showed different resistance to chlorine dioxide inactivation, which was in the following order: Cladosporium sp.>Trichoderma sp. >Penicillium sp., which are much more resistant than Escherichia coli." "Regarding the three genera of fungal spores used in this study, chlorine dioxide was more effective at inactivation of fungal spores than chlorine." "The effect of disinfectant concentration and temperature was positive, and the impact of pH levels (6.0 and 7.0) was insignificant, whereas the influence of water matrices on the inactivation efficiency was negative. The increased concentration of characteristic extracellular substances and changes of spore morphology were observed after inactivation with chlorine dioxide and were due to cell wall and cell membrane damage in fungal spores, causing the leakage of intracellular substances and death of a fungal spore."

****!!!!**** "activated with material provided by BCI Inc., which included phosphoric acid and a surfactant." "12-14 ppm free chlorine dioxide" [Note: Oxine also contains other active oxychlorine species] "Viable cell counts were reduced by more than 99.99% after 60 seconds" "These are significant reductions, especially since the viable counts are primarily from fungal spores rather than vegetative cells."

****!!!!*** "ule type that potentially had low sensitivity to ClO2. The information generated from this research indicates whether a narrow or wide range in rate of ClO2 is needed for efficacy against different fungal propagules as a result of the interactions of water properties (e.g., pH and water hardness) that vary with the source (e.g., ponds, wells, municipal water, and recirculating systems), in combination with the presence of nutrient leachates that collect in catchment ponds and ebb-and-flow systems" " a high reduction in viable propagules resulted when conidia or sporangiospores of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Mucor piriformis, and Cryptosporiopsis perennans... These papers demonstrated that concentration of ClO2 varies with time, with an equal mortality of propagules obtained at lower concentrations of ClO2 by lengthening the duration of exposure. " "A higher concentration of ClO2 was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When combined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higher demand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2 at pH 8,"

***!!!!***!!!!*** {EXTREMELY VALUABLE summaries of dynamics of chlorine dioxide as reported from many scientific studies} "Apart from sanitizing the surface of fruits and vegetables using ClO2gas, hard surfaces like belts, metal conveyors and pads are treated with ClO2 foam as they are also one of the important transmitters of contamination during packaging or processing of fruits and vegetables (13)." "Since ClO2 gas is highly soluble in water, its inactivation properties aresimilar to the aqueous solution (58), (59). The kill mechanism of ClO2 is by interfering with protein synthesis(14), and by reacting with proteins and lipids, thereby increasing the permeability of the outer membrane(60), which causes loss of intracellular ions (61)and major destruction. This theory of kill mechanism of ClO2 gas was observed in several studies. Han et al. (17) determined that when Listeriamonocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7were treated with higher gas concentration (1.8 and 3 mg/l),their resistance was similar. However, at lower gas concentration and short treatment time (0.6 mg/l for 15 min), L. monocytogenes was more sensitive than E. coli O157:H7. The difference in resistance between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, is due to the difference in cell wall structure and components"

Horticultural operations are facing increasing pressure to solve sanitation issues related to water treatment. Some of the pressure is external

Web page listings EPA's registered antimicrobial products effective against certain blood borne/body fluid pathogens and products classified as sterilizers. Includes list of official EPA Lists.

"There has been a trend toward the use of microorganisms as the biomaterial for removing dyes and metals from wastewater. However, native microorganism cells have low mechanical stability, which limit their further application in industries. In this study, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), a high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and environmentally benign disinfectant, was used for microorganism surface modification to enhance the mechanical stability and metal ion adsorption of the cell. ClO2 can either modify cell walls to improve their metal adsorption capacity or modify cell membranes to improve their mechanical stability... ClO2 treatment could deter cell membranes from forming vesicles in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution, and ... ClO2 treatment could alter the erythrocyte membrane proteins which might also contribute to improving the cell stability. The experimental results on Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mucor rouxii show that ClO2 treatment may increase, or at least not reduce, the ability of microbial cells to adsorb heavy metals, but it can significantly improve the resistance of these cells to NaOH cleavage. It seems ClO2 is a promising auxiliary for biosorption of heavy-metal ions."

***!!!!*** {Includes table of pathogen effectiveness levels} "Chlorite is the major inorganic by-product of the reaction of chlorine dioxide in water. Usually, the amount of chlorite formed will be 40-60% of the amount of chlorine dioxide which has reacted. " "Chlorine dioxide systems: acid chlorite and electrochemical generators "Typical chlorite yield for an acid-chlorite generator varies between 65-68%. Overall conversion efficiency is much lower than this as much of the acid remains unreacted." "Chlorine Dioxide ClO2 will inactivate pathogenic micro-organisms at the same rate between pH 5 and 9. This makes it ideal for disinfection of potable water and process water where the pH is up around 8.0." "ClO2 is approximately 5 times more soluble than chlorine and 50 times more soluble than ozone." "Chlorine Dioxide Reaction with Inorganic Compounds--Ammonia Nitrogen... Iron... Manganese..." "Sulfur Compounds... Cyanide..." "Oil and Gas... frac water"

****!!!**** "Because animal cells do not have cell "walls", as do microorganisms, human tissue is not affected by the same action" Chlorine dioxide is a friendly compound used to disinfect meat, seafood, fruit and surfaces, whiten teeth, eliminate Mouth odor, and treat wounds and infections" "The generation of chlorine dioxide is immediate, and the resulting product is highly suited for topical applications. The DioxiCare System separates Frontier's products from other chlorine dioxide preparations. " "Chlorine dioxide deactivates microorganisms by breaking the bacterial cell wall, or, in the case of viruses, by loosening the viral envelope. This action occurs immediately upon exposure." "Studies show that DioxiCare is an outstanding promoter of wound healing, and has successfully treated many skin diseases. In addition to antimicrobial properties, the DioxiCare System likely oxidizes and neutralizes free radicals and cytokines - the irritating compounds released by the body in response to injury or disease."

Pathogens affected

The dependence of microbial killing on chloride ions present in solutions undergoing iontophoresis is addressed. A 400-microA current was applied to vials containing synthetic urine or saline, and the production of chlorine-based substances (CBSs) was ...

2004. Chlorine Compound of the Month: 8663. "by fogging (spraying) library stacks and floors with a very dilute solution of ClO2 (and controlling humidity and temperature), they have been able to prevent a mold outbreak for at least five years."

{A number of statements in this document need verification. Author has non-traditional background.} "The use of a family of chemical agents, releasing active species of oxygen, effective against infectious microorganisms and viruses is described with emphasis on Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), one of the oxides of chlorine. " "Explanation of the biochemical mechanisms of acid of CLO2 as an anti-microbial agent, is presented. Particular attention is given to Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, polio virus, Herpes I and II, HTLV-III and Pseudomonas responding to the clinical application of CLO2. It is implied that these biochemical mechanisms are so fundamental that the development of resistant strains of bacteria and/or yeast would not occur with other anti-infectious agents. Limited lists of health abnormalities that respond to CLO2 are discussed."