****!!!!****!!!!**** " Nearly all AZTD samples completely decontaminated • Greater than 6 LR for topsoil at 1 cm depth, 2 hour, both RH levels • 2 cm topsoil much more difficult to decon" "Aqueous ClO2 completely ineffective ( 0.5 LR) at most robust test conditions (4000 ppm, 2 hr contact Time, 4 spray applications)"

****!!!!**** (2019) {Instructions (some of which probably need changes/corrections) for many uses. Also, lists of pathogens affected, with linked studies.} Vapor for Disinfection & Mold Elimination: 1 Gram Chlorine Dioxide per 1 square feet (w/10’ ceilings) [Researcher calcs: (0.28 m3). =3,571 mg/m3=1,275 ppmV in air], 3 to 24 hours – depending on issue severity of issue *****Concentrations to use for many applications****chart below shows how well ClO2 performs against alternatives. (other disinfectants)** Pathogens lisr with studies references **RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTAINERS USED WITH CLO2 PRODUCTS...wear a NOISH/MSHA-approved respirator under the following conditions..." "Initial or remedial treatment... DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS... Achieve a 5 ppm solution RESIDUAL concentration" "Continuous treatment... between 0.25 ppm and 0.5ppm"

****!!!!**** "WHITE PAPERS, AND APPLICATION NOTES"

****!!!!****!!!!*** (2015) ***"A methodology is proposed for quantifying the amount of ClO2 gas needed in a package and/or treatment chamber." "The diffusion coefficient was found to be 0.129, 0.145, 0.173 cm2 s−1 at 5, 23, and 40 °C, respectively. Degradation of ClO2 gas under dark, UV-A and fluorescent lamp exposure was found to follow a first-order reaction. Degradation using a 40 W UV-A lamp was approximately four orders of magnitude larger than with a 34 W fluorescent lamp." "ClO2 gas can also be converted to chlorite and then react with oxygen changing their chemical structure, mobility, and properties" "Normally, the antimicrobial activity of gaseous ClO2 increased with a longer treatment time, especially at a low treatment temperature"

****!!!!****!!!! (1993) "pure gaseous OclO is stable at room temperature in the absence of light for days and shows no tendency to dimerize, whereas ClOO rapidly decomposes to Cl and O2."

Tristel Sporicidal Wipes are chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant wipes for disinfecting non-lumened semi-critical medical devices."

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

****!!!!**** "Chlorine dioxide chemistry works by selective oxidation, targeting the biocide where it is needed most." "Generally Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) rapidly oxidises phenol type compounds, secondary and tertiary amines, organic sulphides and certain hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics such as benzopyrene, anthracene and benzoathracene. In general, Chlorine Dioxide will not react on double carbon bonds, aromatic cores, quinionic and carboxylic structures as well as primary amines and urea. Commercial applications have shown that Chlorine Dioxide can effectively oxidise many compounds considered to be waste and water pollutants. The table below lists a selection of pollutants found in various industries from our files, and demonstrates the wide range of possible applications for Chlorine Dioxide... Aldehydes... Amines and Mercaptans" "Chlorine Dioxide, however reacts with THM precursors primarily by oxidation to make them non-reactive or unavailable for THM production."

****!!!!****!!!!**** "optimum conditions for the production of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) from aqueous ClO2 (HCl+NaClO2). When 1 N HCl was reacted with various concentrations of NaClO2 (50,000-500,000 mg/mL), the highest concentration (695 mg/L) of gaseous ClO2 was obtained from the aqueous ClO2 containing 100,000 µg/mL NaClO2. Next, the effects of relative humidity (RH; 43, 85, and 100%) and temperature (4, 12, and 25ºC) on the production of gaseous ClO2 were investigated. It was observed that the concentration of gaseous ClO2 was increased as RH was decreased, or the temperature was increased. Finally, it was confirmed that the amount of gaseous ClO2 was highly correlated (R2=0.9546-0.9992) with the volume of aqueous ClO2."

****!!!!**** "the reaction between the ferrous ion and chlorite is very fast (5–15 s) over a range of pH 6.5–8.0; in this condition a ferrous ion dose of 3.31 mg Fe/mg ClO2 completely reduced chlorite to chloride, producing minimal residual soluble iron. For pH higher than 8.0–8.5, chlorite removal is lower due to the natural transformation of the ferrou ions to ferric hydroxide. Within these pH values, chlorite can be removed completely with ferrous ion concentrations higher than the stoichiometric value. Moreover, the application of ferrous salts for chlorite removal during the coagulation process enhances the performance of the coagulation and flocculation treatment"

"This study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Aseptrol® (48 ppm and 24 ppm)" "Both disinfectants killed more susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas. aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans within 30 seconds and proved to be fungicidal by killing Candida albicans within 30 seconds.Aseptrol® and Presept® killed less susceptible mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and blood borne organism Hepatitis B virus within 30 seconds. Highly resistant B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and 2.5 minutes by Aseptrol® and Presept® respectively." "Although manufacturers recommend that the disinfectant solutions should be prepared daily, when the shelf-life of prepared solutions stored in screw cap bottles was studied, the results showed that Aseptrol® can be effectively used for 27 day" "nosocomial infections"

****!!!!*** "ule type that potentially had low sensitivity to ClO2. The information generated from this research indicates whether a narrow or wide range in rate of ClO2 is needed for efficacy against different fungal propagules as a result of the interactions of water properties (e.g., pH and water hardness) that vary with the source (e.g., ponds, wells, municipal water, and recirculating systems), in combination with the presence of nutrient leachates that collect in catchment ponds and ebb-and-flow systems" " a high reduction in viable propagules resulted when conidia or sporangiospores of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Mucor piriformis, and Cryptosporiopsis perennans... These papers demonstrated that concentration of ClO2 varies with time, with an equal mortality of propagules obtained at lower concentrations of ClO2 by lengthening the duration of exposure. " "A higher concentration of ClO2 was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When combined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higher demand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2 at pH 8,"

{Includes chart of critical levels for pathogens in water} "Shock treatment is recommended twice a year and usually requires a concentration of 20-50ppm chlorine dioxide be maintained for 12 hours, and then the irrigation system thoroughly rinsed before irrigation begins again, due to risk of phytotoxic effects with high concentrations. After shock treatment, a continuous treatment of 0.25ppm residual chlorine dioxide is usually sufficient to prevent regrowth of biofilm. " "The optimum chlorine dioxide range to treat biofilms and common plant pathogens is 0.25 to 3.3 ppm"

****!!!!****"If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims." "Sodium Chlorite is widely used as a sanitizer and can be effective at inhibiting bacteria. It is important to know that chlorite solutions can carry anti-microbial claims listed as static or stasis by the EPA. That means chlorite solutions can inhibit or prevent bacteria growth of present organisms" [without necessarily destroying them] "we have found the liquid inorganic acids like LpH 100 work best and allow for less acid to be used with higher conversion to CLO2." "Contact time with your acid or ‘activator’ and pH of the working solution your acid is creating. Those two dynamics will determine how much Chlorine Dioxide you actually generate." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution. The remaining sodium chlorite is important and will play a critical role in how well your product works over time." "Bio-Cide’s AANE [Automatic Activation Non Electric] system... to deliver product without ever having to mix products but allows for proper contact time and pH in your working solution to generate FREE CLO2 in your water system. The system is very easy to set up and can be used with any pump system you already have" "So you can essentially have 1.8 ppm TOTAL and .8 ppm FREE under the potable water claim approved by the EPA." " you never have to turn off your system to run other supportive care products or water soluble antibiotics. Since CLO2 is a ‘selective’ oxidizer it doesn’t seem to negatively affect these other products"

****** "The most common method of generating ClO2 is through the reaction of chlorine gas with a solution of sodium chlorite. Theoretically, 1 lb of chlorine gas is required for each 2.6 lb of sodium chlorite. However, an excess of chlorine is often used to lower the pH to the required minimum of 3.5 and to drive the reaction to completion. Sodium hypochlorite can be used in place of the gaseous chlorine to generate chlorine dioxide. This process requires the addition of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid for pH control. Other methods used for chlorine dioxide generation include:..." "Complex organic molecules and ammonia are traditional chlorine-demand materials that do not react with chlorine dioxide. " "The chemical behavior and oxidation characteristics of aqueous chlorine dioxide are not well understood because of the difficulty in differentiating aqueous chlorine-containing species." "Chlorine dioxide consumed in water treatment reactions reverts to chlorite ions (ClO2-), chlorate ions (ClO3- ), and chloride ions (Cl -)." "As a gas, chlorine dioxide is more irritating and toxic than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide in air is detectable by odor at 14-17 ppm, irritating at 45 ppm, fatal in 44 min at 150 ppm, and rapidly fatal at 350 ppm. Concentrations greater than 14% in air can sustain a decomposition wave set off by an electric spark. The most common precursor for on-site generation of chlorine dioxide is also a hazardous material: liquid sodium chlorite. If allowed to dry, this powerful oxidizing agent forms a powdered residue that can ignite or explode if contacted by oxidizable materials. The hazardous nature of chlorine dioxide vapor and its precursor, and the volatility of aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide, require caution in the design and operation of solution and feeding equipment."

****!!!!****** {Includes equations for predicting impact of variables in determining quantity of byproducts} "At 20oC, pH 7, 70-80% of chlorine dioxideinjected was converted to chlorite and 0-10% of that was transformed into chlorate within 120 min with 2.91 mg/Lof DOC. The amount of chlorite formed also increased when pH and temperature increased. As DOC content increased,the residual chlorine dioxide decreased but the amount of chlorite and chlorate were increased. These experimentsrevealed that chlorate was a dominant by-product under UV irradiation."

**** {Mix with dry citric acid, or 33% phosphoric acid} "Alternatives to citric acid for activation include organic acids, such as acetic acid, and inorganic acids such as phosphoric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids. Activation equivalent to that of citric acid may be achieved by adjusting the Pro Oxide solution to pH 2-3 with an alternative acid." "allow to dissolve for five minutes for citric acid or two minutes for phosphoric acid"

"Its efficacy is largely not affected by pH and organic matter and it does no react with nitrogen compounds to form chloramines. The most widely accepted antimicrobial mechanism of ClO2 is damage to protein synthesis and increased permeability of the outer cell membrane. ClO2 gas may be more effective for inactivation of foodborne pathogens than aqueous ClO2 due to its penetration ability. Also, ClO2 gas could be applied for microbial control during transportation and storage of food." "The specific objectives of this study were, (ⅰ) to investigate the effect of relative humidity, surface characteristics of samples, and temperature on the antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas... on produce and food contact surfaces, (ⅱ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of ClO2 gas with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, aerosolized sanitizer, and dry heat against foodborne pathogens on produce and seeds, (ⅲ) develop portable sustained release formulation of ClO2 gas for field application." "Combined treatment of ClO2 gas (10 ppmv) and aerosolized PAA (80 ppm) for 20 min caused 5.36, 5.06, and 4.06 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively."

2013 ***!!!!*** "Tailing occurs even at constant ClO2 concentrations. The chlorine dioxide solution’s disinfecting capacity, virus aggregation and the resistant subpopulation were ruled out as reasons for tailing. Instead,the cause for tailing is the deposition of an adduct onto the virus capsid over the course of the experiment, which protects the viruses. This adduct could easily be removed by washing, which restored the susceptibility of the viruses to ClO2." "Important shortcoming of ClO2, namely its self-limiting effect on virus disinfection. Important to take this effect into account in treatment application." "Working solution of 0.410.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide. To compensate for ClO2evaporation and consumption throughout the experiment,concentrated ClO2(16 mg/L) was added at a rate of 8e20mL/min by means of a peristaltic pump."

******* "Tristel chlorine dioxide has been tested by a United States Biosafety Category 3 laboratory. Results demonstrate Tristel chlorine dioxide completely inactivates SARS-CoV-2 in 30 seconds in the presence of soilingin accordance with EN 14476:2013+A2:2019, at a concentration of 20 parts per million (ppm)."

{**************Extensive list of Chlorine Dioxide specs, with links to excellent calculators******} Chlorine dioxide, gas weighs 9.99 kg/m³ (0.00577459 oz/in³), melting and boiling points, molecular formula and weight, molar volume, CAS RN, description

***!!!!*** {Includes table of pathogen effectiveness levels} "Chlorite is the major inorganic by-product of the reaction of chlorine dioxide in water. Usually, the amount of chlorite formed will be 40-60% of the amount of chlorine dioxide which has reacted. " "Chlorine dioxide systems: acid chlorite and electrochemical generators "Typical chlorite yield for an acid-chlorite generator varies between 65-68%. Overall conversion efficiency is much lower than this as much of the acid remains unreacted." "Chlorine Dioxide ClO2 will inactivate pathogenic micro-organisms at the same rate between pH 5 and 9. This makes it ideal for disinfection of potable water and process water where the pH is up around 8.0." "ClO2 is approximately 5 times more soluble than chlorine and 50 times more soluble than ozone." "Chlorine Dioxide Reaction with Inorganic Compounds--Ammonia Nitrogen... Iron... Manganese..." "Sulfur Compounds... Cyanide..." "Oil and Gas... frac water"

{ists references to all Gov regulatory info sources re. SC and CD}{includes % & ingredients of tech-grade and various other SC products} "Sodium chlorite is available in both dry and liquid forms. The dry forms contain approximately 80% Sodium chlorite and the solutions range from 7.5% to 40% sodium chlorite."

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

{Includes chart of acids' effectiveness in adjusting pH} "If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims...." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution." "Pro Oxine’s product is buffered to an 8 to 8.5 pH solution while most tech grade products are buffered between a 9 to 10 pH solution, therefore the higher pKa acids perform poorly with tech grade chlorites. That is why you generally need more chlorite and more acid to generate FREE CLO2 with tech grade chlorites." "Around 2 to 2.5 pH for it to be effective at generating FREE CLO2." "Tech grade chlorites call for at least 15 minutes of contact with your acid or ‘activator’ before being administered into the water system. With Pro Oxine it calls for 10 minutes. This means it was able to generate the FREE component of the solution (actual CLO2) quicker. Pro Oxine was also able to get a FREE component at a lower TOTAL solution. " ***Other topic: "dropping the pH of the litter to below 4.0 will convert the litter into a medium hostile to the growth and survival of pathogenic bacteria. Normal gut flora, on the other hand, prefer a low pH environment so while dropping the litter pH to 4.0 or less will reduce pathogenic bacteria, it will actually create a favorable environment for healthy bacteria" "acidifying drinking water... assists in the establishment of normal flora, the exclusion of pathogens such as salmonella and the prevention of necrotic enteritis. The use of a mineral acid such as sodium bisulfate..."

****!!!!**** "The method of chlorine dioxide bacterial kill at low ppm concentration seems to occur by the disruption of protein synthesis and enzyme inactivation.48 49 This is similar to the "time honored", non-toxic mechanism of some common antibiotics. Oxidation of RNA and DNA do not appear to take place, or are at least unimportant in the process. The site of action lies in the soluble fraction of the cell and there appears to be no damage to whole structural components such as ribosomes" "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral capsid.52 Human cells do not have similar cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. This is probably the same internal protective mechanism that prevents damage from oxygen and free radicals. Bacteria and viruses do not contain most of these reducing compounds. Because ClO2 is a strong oxidizing agent and also itself a free radical, it quickly neutralizes reactive molecules,such as ****cytokines**** and oxygen free-radicals such as NO•, O2¯, H2O2, HClO, and OH •that are produced in the body by macrophages. These oxygen compounds are released in response to stress or infection and cause inflammation and pain. Other potential irritants found in wounds are similarly oxidized or reduced, such as leukotrienes, TNF, and interleukin. This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes IOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, or chlorhexidine, healing is not impeded.53 54 Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success.55 DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "The NOAEL, from animal ingestion studies involving ClO2 and ClO2 ̄, ranges to 100 ppmv[???] about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical use. . Water solutions of ClO2 will remain stable for several months if stored in a glass or PET bottle. “Stabilized” chlorine dioxide, which is a buffered solution ofsodium chlorite, does not release ClO2 until the pH of the solution is brought below 3." "Many nutrition and toxicology studies have been performed assessing chlorine dioxide's effect on flour. Treatment of flour with 200 ppm, fed to rats, had no effect after several generations.24,25 Flour treated with up to 500 ppm (5 times the concentration in DioxiCure Gel) fed to puppies had no untoward effect.26 Thirteen human subjects fed experimentally for six weeks with flour products that were treated with doses up to 400 ppm had no detectable toxic symptoms.27 Flour bleached with normal dosage is not reduced appreciably in nutritive value.28 Essential fatty acids are generally not effected, but tocopherol and cystine are oxidized." "hippuric acid, cinnamic acid, betaine, creatine, alanine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, asparaginic acid, asparagine, glutaminic acid, serine, hydroxyproline, taurine, ... HO groups in alcohols and HO acids"

{Includes other ***!!!!*** excellent links on effects on chemistry body}

****!!!!**** "The photochemical decomposition is characterized by small quantities of O3+ atoms and of equal amounts of chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen, the latter originating in the reaction: ClOO --- Cl + O2" "The isomer ClOO is formed by the geminate recombination of ClO and O, a process which is twice as important as diffusion of the fragments into the mass of the solution an done which represents 30% of the decomposition of the chlorine dioxide. Under our experimental conditions, the lifetime of the ClOO is less than one microsecond."

{Mixing instructions, etc} "If you want the... report send me an e-mail"

As chlorine dioxide gas is intended only for the uses specified...air releases are expected to be negligible. Using SMT’s method of chlorine dioxide production, the only potential release of chlorine dioxide to the atmosphere is by off-gassing from process water. As a result, air releases from the use of chlorine dioxide as proposed in this FCN are expected to be far below the 3 ppm residual. Small amounts of the FCS which were to volatilize out of solution would rapidly decompose. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, ***gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen*** when released to the atmosphere... Chlorine dioxide undergoes a reduction to chloride, chlorite, and chlorate ions as it is exposed to organic matter. Additionally, chlorine dioxide often reduces to chlorine and oxygen when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and from there it is likely to degrade into chloride ions.