{Significant info on Chlorine Dioxide use, particularly against anthrax} "1994 study by Roberts and Reymond wherein vitro tests on Mucor piriformis, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Cryptosporiopsis perennans were conducted. Conidial suspensions of each pathogen were pipetted into test tubes containing ClO2 at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg/l. Samples were drawn at 30 second intervals and the number of viable colony forming units/ml (CFU) was determined. The resultsof the tests are presented in Table 3.2-7."

*****!!!!**** {This article only mentions chlorine dioxide effectiveness against SARS-CoV-1, not SARS-CoV-2, against which it has greater effectiveness} "The exposure of SARS-CoV-2 (7.8 of log10 (TCID50/ml) to 1:49 (~150 ppm) and 1:99 (~75 ppm) *household bleach* resulted in the virus titer being reduced below levels of detection after 5 min" "The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."

"using modified maifanshi as the carrier and sodium chlorite and solid acid as the main agent, a new solid chlorine dioxide disinfectant that can release chlorine dioxide can be prepared by relying on environmental humidity, and the effect of the addition amount, activation temperature, various additives and environmental humidity on the release rate of chlorine dioxide was investigated. the results show that the addition of maifanshi can significantly reduce the peak of the release rate, eliminate the phenomenon of violent release, make the release rate in the later stage larger, and enhance the sterilization effect in the later stage; activation of maifanshi can enhance its adsorption capacity, and the optimal activation temperature is 100 °c; the addition of a certain amount of magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and superabsorbent resin can make the release rate better controlled; the smaller the relative humidity, the more gentle the release of chlorine dioxide."

*** {Excellent Powerpoint presentation about chlorine dioxide, building decontamination, etc}

{Many useful answers for practical application processes for chlorine dioxide fumigation}

***!!!!***!!!!** 2020. "Many of the innovations stop short of evaluating actual yield, practical feasibility, or basic chemistry of the technology. In this study, our aim was to evaluate ClO2 precursors, sodium chlorite and citric acid, under disparate but applicable conditions." "low temperatures reduced ClO2 reported yield. Peak rates of production at 18 °C were estimated to be 3.51 mg/h, 3.83 mg/h, and 4.78 mg/h for sample ID 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Modeling the rate of production indicated that sample IDs had significantly different rates of production... Under 2 °C, these rates were 15 fold. We also determined that the reservoir placement could affect reported ClO2 concentrations. At the same time, ClO2 was able to reduce all three pathogens in 6-log10 CFU/carrier and performed significantly better at refrigeration temperature compared to room temperature."

"Its efficacy is largely not affected by pH and organic matter and it does no react with nitrogen compounds to form chloramines. The most widely accepted antimicrobial mechanism of ClO2 is damage to protein synthesis and increased permeability of the outer cell membrane. ClO2 gas may be more effective for inactivation of foodborne pathogens than aqueous ClO2 due to its penetration ability. Also, ClO2 gas could be applied for microbial control during transportation and storage of food." "The specific objectives of this study were, (ⅰ) to investigate the effect of relative humidity, surface characteristics of samples, and temperature on the antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas... on produce and food contact surfaces, (ⅱ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of ClO2 gas with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, aerosolized sanitizer, and dry heat against foodborne pathogens on produce and seeds, (ⅲ) develop portable sustained release formulation of ClO2 gas for field application." "Combined treatment of ClO2 gas (10 ppmv) and aerosolized PAA (80 ppm) for 20 min caused 5.36, 5.06, and 4.06 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively."

***** {Very, very broad range of home uses for chlorine dioxide}

A multilayer medical packaging film includes a first layer and a chlorine dioxide-producing layer. The chlorine dioxide-producing layer includes a polymer composition and a plurality of chlorite ions. The chlorine dioxide-producing layer is substantially free of an energy-activated catalyst and is substantially free of an acid-releasing compound. However, the film is capable of generating chlorine dioxide when exposed to UV light and moisture.

Examination of synergistic effects

Not all biocides present the same efficacy against viruses, with ethanol being poorly efficient and heat as well as sodium hypochlorite presenting limited efficacy depending on conditions tested. In our experiments, tested bio-cides containing peracetic acid presented very good overall virucidal efficacy; however, observed differences in susceptibility of different parvovirus species should be taken into account. Atmos-pheric decontamination with VHP presented good effica-cy against all tested viruses including parvoviruses even in the presence of blood. In general, this type of technol-ogy is used following pre-cleaning, although it has been shown to be very effective even under grossly soiled con-ditions

*** Lists several studies on dynamics of CHLORINE DIOXIDE DECOMPOSITION. *** Includes "Distribution and Chemical Fate of 36Cl-Chlorine Dioxide Gas during the Fumigation of Tomatoes and Cantaloupe" AND "Chloroxyanion Residues in Cantaloupe and Tomatoes after Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sanitation" "laboratory illumination being the major influence on the composition of residues. Oxidized products of chlorine dioxide present in tank rinsewater from trial A represented a major amount of residue (95.3% of tank rinse residue), but for trial C (dark) the major residue was chloride (78.1% of tank rinse activity) with only 13.9% of the radioactivity being present as chlorate or perchlorate" "...even in the presence of water vapor..., light must be present to catalyze the formation of chlorate (and perchlorate)."

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

Pathogens affected

"Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2"

{Testimony given before Congress for anthrax decontamination. CD History & level questions} "Improving computer resources are allowing investigators to simulate the transport processes within buildings. However little investigation on transport of reactive materials within the indoor environment has occurred. Furthermore, the analysis of such transport characteristics requires site specific model development. Ultimately it may be possible to develop empirical safety factors for the level of dosing based on building size and configuration, however a substantial experimental and modeling effort would be required to develop these relationships."

As chlorine dioxide gas is intended only for the uses specified...air releases are expected to be negligible. Using SMT’s method of chlorine dioxide production, the only potential release of chlorine dioxide to the atmosphere is by off-gassing from process water. As a result, air releases from the use of chlorine dioxide as proposed in this FCN are expected to be far below the 3 ppm residual. Small amounts of the FCS which were to volatilize out of solution would rapidly decompose. Unlike chlorine dioxide gas in-solution, which decomposes into various oxychloro species upon its exposure to water, ***gaseous chlorine dioxide will decompose into only chlorine and oxygen*** when released to the atmosphere... Chlorine dioxide undergoes a reduction to chloride, chlorite, and chlorate ions as it is exposed to organic matter. Additionally, chlorine dioxide often reduces to chlorine and oxygen when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and from there it is likely to degrade into chloride ions.