****!!!!****!!!!*** (2015) ***"A methodology is proposed for quantifying the amount of ClO2 gas needed in a package and/or treatment chamber." "The diffusion coefficient was found to be 0.129, 0.145, 0.173 cm2 s−1 at 5, 23, and 40 °C, respectively. Degradation of ClO2 gas under dark, UV-A and fluorescent lamp exposure was found to follow a first-order reaction. Degradation using a 40 W UV-A lamp was approximately four orders of magnitude larger than with a 34 W fluorescent lamp." "ClO2 gas can also be converted to chlorite and then react with oxygen changing their chemical structure, mobility, and properties" "Normally, the antimicrobial activity of gaseous ClO2 increased with a longer treatment time, especially at a low treatment temperature"

"the effect of UV-A and fluorescent lamp on chlorine dioxide gas degradation was observed. The degradation of gas under these conditions followed a first order reaction. In this research, gas degradation using a 40-Watt UV-A lamp was approximately four orders of magnitude larger than with a 34-Watt fluorescent lamp. In dark conditions, less than three percent degradation in gas was observed over a period of six hours.... In the same study, the effect of temperature on the degradation of chlorine dioxide gas was observed at 5° [However, ClO2 is a liquid at 5 degrees??], 23°, and 40°C. In all cases, the effect of temperature was negligible"

The explosion characteristics of chlorine dioxide gas have been studied for the first time in a cylindrical exploder with a shell capacity of 20l. The…

The Atlas Accelerated UV testing devices focus on UV specific spectral ranges. They may be used in weathering tests that vary light/dark cycles, temperature, condensing humidity, water sprays, and irradiance control.

"maximum absorbance wavelengths for chlorine dioxide and hypochlorous acid were 360 nm and 292 nm"

(2021) ****!!!!**** "Cleverin (Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan) is a mixture of 500 ppm ClO2, 17,900 ppm sodium chlorite, 3300 ppm decaglycerol monolaurate, and 80 ppm silicone"

(2020). For chlorine dioxide (ClO2) at 60 ppm, the cell numbers were reduced by ∼5.45 log CFU cm−2. A combined treatment of 5 min of ultrasound plus 300 ppm NaOCl or 40 ppm ClO2, provided maximal efficacy,

****!!!!****!!!! (1993) "pure gaseous OclO is stable at room temperature in the absence of light for days and shows no tendency to dimerize, whereas ClOO rapidly decomposes to Cl and O2."

"Bio-Cide International... developed 'stabilized chlorine dioxide'"... "thermostability, UV absorption spectrum, specificity of the paper chromatogram, microstructure and ionic chromatogram of this solution were studied, and contrasted with pure NaClO2 and ClO2. The results show that ClO2 in 'stabilized chlorine dioxide' solution exists in the form of chlorite ClO2-, carbonate exists in the form of bicarbonate... NCO3-, its pH being 8.5" "Conclusions stated above prove that in ‘‘stabilized chlorine dioxide’’ solution, ClO2 exists in the pattern of chlorite ClO 2-. So-called ‘‘stabilized chlorine dioxide’’ actually is the mixture of NaClO2 and NaHCO3."

"E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni."

"Sodium perborate has been used to increase the concentration of chlorine dioxide which can be placed in stable solution, the chlorine dioxide being bubbled into water containing sodium perborate. " "It has been discovered that the use of alkali metal (sodium) percarbonate instead of sodium perborate increases the amount of chlorine dioxide which can be held in stable solution as much as three hundred percent... In practice, about two parts by weight of percarbonate for each part of chlorine dioxide has been found to provide optimum stable C10 concentrations." "the same stable concentration of chlorine dioxide can be achieved at only a fraction (about 1%) of the cost using the relatively expensive percarbonate. " "invention also contemplates using the excess peroxide or active oxygen in the percarbonate by addition of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate to the percarbonate in sufiicient amount to utilize all the available active oxygen"

****!!!!**** (2021) "Matching transformation system (MA-T) is an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution"

"There appeared to be no effect on the efficacy of the ClO2 under light or dark conditions"

"[To generate chlorine dioxide:] Theoretically, 1 lb of chlorine gas is required for each 2.6 lb of sodium chlorite. However, an excess of chlorine is often used to lower the pH to the required minimum of 3.5 and to drive the reaction to completion. Sodium hypochlorite can be used in place of the gaseous chlorine to generate chlorine dioxide. This process requires the addition of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid for pH control." "The chemical behavior and oxidation characteristics of aqueous chlorine dioxide are not well understood because of the difficulty in differentiating aqueous chlorine-containing species."

****!!!!**** {Includes novel approach for using chlorine dioxide to spray area, as classified for stored potable water} "certified organic by OMRI and Kosher by OU." "Oxine may be used as a primary water disinfectant in municipal water at levels of 0.5 ppm and in stored potable water at levels of 5.0 ppm." "Bacterial, mold and odor control is easily restored by an initial application of activated Oxine, from 200 to 500 ppm, depending on the severity of the problem, sprayed onto the wall and floors. Follow this initial application with a periodical maintenance dosage of 100 ppm unactivated" "The filler head assemblies are considered food contact surfaces..." ***** "Low dose applications of Oxine, misted onto the filler assembly during short scheduled breaks in the production day, have proven to be of considerable benefit."

****!!!!**** {Instructions for preparing solutions} "Method I produces a material equivalent to that produced by most commercial chlorine dioxide generators. Method II produces a reagent grade, chlorine dioxide solution with no free chlorine and is used for instrument standards and for studies where free chlorine would interfere." "to prepare low concentration (1000 ppm), chemically pure, chlorine dioxide solutions... Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is produced by the acidification of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution with sulfuric acid (H2SO4): 4NaClO2 + 2H2SO4 ---- 2ClO2 + HCl + HClO3 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O Chlorine dioxide is removed from the reaction flask solution as gas by air stripping, purified by scrubbing with sodium chlorite solution and recovered by absorbing in chilled deionized (DI) water."

"Relative humidity is the single most important factor influencing the activity of gaseous disinfectants/sterilants, such as EtO, chlorine dioxide, and formaldehyde. Water hardness (i.e., high concentration of divalent cations) reduces the rate of kill of certain disinfectants because divalent cations (e.g., magnesium, calcium) in the hard water interact with the disinfectant to form insoluble precipitates 1" "Most commonly, interference occurs by a chemical reaction between the germicide and the organic matter resulting in a complex that is less germicidal or nongermicidal, leaving less of the active germicide available for attacking microorganisms. Chlorine and iodine disinfectants, in particular, are prone to such interaction. Alternatively, organic material can protect microorganisms from attack by acting as a physical barrier... These and other studies show the protection by inorganic contaminants of microorganisms to all sterilization processes results from occlusion in salt crystals" "long-term use can damage the outer plastic coat of the insertion tube" "chlorine dioxide solutions at either 600 ppm or 30 ppm killed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare within 60 seconds after contact but contamination by organic material significantly affected the microbicidal properties" " In 1986, a chlorine dioxide product was voluntarily removed from the market when its use caused leakage of cellulose-based dialyzer membranes, which allowed bacteria to migrate from the dialysis fluid side of the dialyzer to the blood side "

Tristel Sporicidal Wipes are chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant wipes for disinfecting non-lumened semi-critical medical devices."

"The corrosion of A3 steel, copper, aluminum, stainless steel in 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 400 mg/L chlorine dioxide disinfection solution at room temperature was studied by the method of static weight-loss. The results showed that when the concentration of chlorine dioxide disinfection solution was 200 mg/L, the corrosion degree of aluminum was mild and that of copper was moderate; when the concentration of chlorine dioxide was 400 mg/L, the corrosion degree of A3 steel was severe and that of stainless steel was mild. The possible corrosion reason was analyzed."

"applications in which soil residues are frequent." "One sanitizer was an acidified solution of dilute sodium chlorite at pH 2.7; the other sanitizer was dilute chlorine dioxide (about 15 ppm) in tap water. Stainless steel types 304 and 316 corroded rapidly when exposed to the acidified chlorite solution. Chlorine dioxide near neutral pH 7.2 was noncorrosive to both type 304 and 316 stainless steels at a concentration of 100 ppm during 10 d of continuous exposure. This concentration is well above the typical use Concentration of 15 ppm; typical use time span is 15 min." "chlorine dioxide is of equal bactericidal activ- ity to sodium hypochlorite at one-seventh the concentration of hypochlorite, when used for sanitation of poultry processing water"

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

****!!!!**** "Chlorine dioxide chemistry works by selective oxidation, targeting the biocide where it is needed most." "Generally Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) rapidly oxidises phenol type compounds, secondary and tertiary amines, organic sulphides and certain hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics such as benzopyrene, anthracene and benzoathracene. In general, Chlorine Dioxide will not react on double carbon bonds, aromatic cores, quinionic and carboxylic structures as well as primary amines and urea. Commercial applications have shown that Chlorine Dioxide can effectively oxidise many compounds considered to be waste and water pollutants. The table below lists a selection of pollutants found in various industries from our files, and demonstrates the wide range of possible applications for Chlorine Dioxide... Aldehydes... Amines and Mercaptans" "Chlorine Dioxide, however reacts with THM precursors primarily by oxidation to make them non-reactive or unavailable for THM production."

****!!!!****!!!!**** "optimum conditions for the production of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) from aqueous ClO2 (HCl+NaClO2). When 1 N HCl was reacted with various concentrations of NaClO2 (50,000-500,000 mg/mL), the highest concentration (695 mg/L) of gaseous ClO2 was obtained from the aqueous ClO2 containing 100,000 µg/mL NaClO2. Next, the effects of relative humidity (RH; 43, 85, and 100%) and temperature (4, 12, and 25ºC) on the production of gaseous ClO2 were investigated. It was observed that the concentration of gaseous ClO2 was increased as RH was decreased, or the temperature was increased. Finally, it was confirmed that the amount of gaseous ClO2 was highly correlated (R2=0.9546-0.9992) with the volume of aqueous ClO2."

****!!!!**** "the reaction between the ferrous ion and chlorite is very fast (5–15 s) over a range of pH 6.5–8.0; in this condition a ferrous ion dose of 3.31 mg Fe/mg ClO2 completely reduced chlorite to chloride, producing minimal residual soluble iron. For pH higher than 8.0–8.5, chlorite removal is lower due to the natural transformation of the ferrou ions to ferric hydroxide. Within these pH values, chlorite can be removed completely with ferrous ion concentrations higher than the stoichiometric value. Moreover, the application of ferrous salts for chlorite removal during the coagulation process enhances the performance of the coagulation and flocculation treatment"

****!!!!****!!!!**!!!** "The amount of ClO(2) produced was higher as the concentration of sodium chlorite was increased and as the pH of the acid solutions was decreased. However, the stability in production of ClO(2) was enhanced by increasing the pH of the organic acid solutions." "Rates of inactivation tended to increase with higher pH of ClO(2) solutions. Results show that ClO(2) formed in organic acid solutions has higher stability and is more lethal to B. cereus spores than ClO(2) formed at the same concentration in HCl solution. This finding emphasizes the benefits of using organic acid solutions to prepare ClO(2) intended for use as an antimicrobial."

[Combinations affected lethality in presence of other materials.] Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthraci …

"This study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Aseptrol® (48 ppm and 24 ppm)" "Both disinfectants killed more susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas. aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans within 30 seconds and proved to be fungicidal by killing Candida albicans within 30 seconds.Aseptrol® and Presept® killed less susceptible mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and blood borne organism Hepatitis B virus within 30 seconds. Highly resistant B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and 2.5 minutes by Aseptrol® and Presept® respectively." "Although manufacturers recommend that the disinfectant solutions should be prepared daily, when the shelf-life of prepared solutions stored in screw cap bottles was studied, the results showed that Aseptrol® can be effectively used for 27 day" "nosocomial infections"