Amino acids, proteins, and peptides are found ubiquitously in waters. They can form harmful byproducts during water treatment by reaction with..."

2020. "Treatments of wastewater and fresh produce"

"The redox reactions initiated by NaClO3 and ClO2 therefore reduce the total consumption of dichromate anions (Cr 2 O 7 2− ) by organic matter present in the wastewater sample and subsequently lower the COD measurements using the dichromate method, under the test conditions. ..."

This book focuses on present state of the art chemical oxidation technologies with regard to various wastewater applications. It is a valuable aid to engineers

"The two viability methods produced significantly different results (P 0.05). Products of disinfectant concentration" "excystation is not an adequate viability assay." "Purified oocysts originating from three different suppliers were evaluated and showed marked differences with respect to their resistance to inactivation when using chlorine dioxide" "Finally, the study compared the relationship between easily measured indicators, including Bacillus subtilis (aerobic) spores and Clostridium sporogenes (anaerobic) spores, and C. parvum oocysts. The bacterial spores were found to be more sensitive to chlorine dioxide"

In this work, the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the removal of antibiotics from water has been reviewed. The present concern about water has been exposed, and the main problems derived from the presence of emerging pollutants have been analyzed. Photolysis processes, ozone-based AOPs including ozonation, O3/UV, O3/H2O2, and O3/H2O2/UV, hydrogen peroxide-based methods (i.e., H2O2/UV, Fenton, Fenton-like, hetero-Fenton, and photo-Fenton), heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV and TiO2/H2O2/UV systems), and sonochemical and electrooxidative AOPs have been reviewed. The main challenges and prospects of AOPs, as well as some recommendations for the improvement of AOPs aimed at the removal of antibiotics from wastewaters, are pointed out.

"applications in which soil residues are frequent." "One sanitizer was an acidified solution of dilute sodium chlorite at pH 2.7; the other sanitizer was dilute chlorine dioxide (about 15 ppm) in tap water. Stainless steel types 304 and 316 corroded rapidly when exposed to the acidified chlorite solution. Chlorine dioxide near neutral pH 7.2 was noncorrosive to both type 304 and 316 stainless steels at a concentration of 100 ppm during 10 d of continuous exposure. This concentration is well above the typical use Concentration of 15 ppm; typical use time span is 15 min." "chlorine dioxide is of equal bactericidal activ- ity to sodium hypochlorite at one-seventh the concentration of hypochlorite, when used for sanitation of poultry processing water"

"PeroxyMAX, one of the chemistries covered under the patents is the safest, most effective solution for the treatment of fresh and produced water for hydraulic fracturing. It enables separations in recovered fluids, floating oil and dropping solids and controls bacteria in a more efficient manner than more dangerous and corrosive alternatives on the market like chlorine dioxide."

Abstract Antipyrine (ANT, phenazone), a widely used anti-inflammatory analgesic in medical treatment, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment." "ANT was firstly transformed into ANT-Cl through single-electron-transfer (SET) and substitution reaction. Further oxidation of this intermediate product involved ring-opening reaction and de-carbonyl reaction."

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been promoted as an alternative disinfectant because of its high disinfection efficiency and less formation of organic dis…

"ProOxine®AH Now Claims Efficacy Against PED" "OXINE® Approved for Horticulture Applications... eliminates most microbial issues at grower facilities at doses as low as 1 ppm to 5 ppm." "Keeper® Technology Now Certified Organic" "anti-microbial agent for the Red Meat, Poultry and Post Harvest Industries" “The issuance of Organic Certification now allows the organic producer the same level of protection employed by traditional producers.” “The active component in Keeper is Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) – a powerful antimicrobial with adequate residual effect. After its intended technical effect, ASC breaks down into table salt. This is the fundamental premise of Keeper® approval as an organic material,”

"Published test results demonstrate that pure chlorine dioxide supplied in ready-to-use aqueous solution can remove bio-fouling and prevent its regrowth on Thin Film Composite (TFC) membranes and filters in reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration system without damage to membranes. Previous results showing membrane damage from chlorine dioxide are believed to be caused by impurities such as chlorine or chlorous acid in chlorine dioxide made at the point of use. These impurities are not present in CDG Environmental products."

"it has become the oxidizer of choice to solve many problems in potable water, including: --Preliminary oxidation to reduce the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (THMs and HAAs) during chlorination --***Oxidation of dissolved manganese and iron to form insoluble manganese or iron, which can be removed. Chlorine dioxide oxidizes manganese to its insoluble state without going all the way to soluble permanganate***... --Inactivation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (parasites) --Secondary disinfection of water systems to control/remove biofilm and Legionella"

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a widely used alternative disinfectant due to its high biocidal efficiency and low-level formation of trihalomethanes and h…

****!!!!****!!!**"Unlike chlorine, ClO2 will react to form mainly inorganic disinfection by products, the predominant species being chlorite. Chlorite will subsequently reduce to form harmless chloride. The speed of this reaction depends upon a number of factors, however within saltwater conditions this can be as low as 5 minutes." "Poorly designed or tuned chlorine dioxide generation equipment can lead to the production of chlorate" "Modern generation systems such as those produced by Scotmas are able to monitor the downstream residual DBP and adjust the dose rate to ensure that environmental limits are not breached. In special cases, downstream reactions can be used to remove excess chlorite residual from the water stream." "It is important to note that the disinfection by products of chlorine dioxide are easily managed with the correct experience and advice, and do not present nearly the same scale of problem as found with other biocides with a higher oxidation potential. Unlike ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide does not oxidise bromide (Br-) ions into bromate ions (BrO3-) which have been identified as carcinogenic. Additionally, chlorine dioxide does not produce large amounts of aldehydes, ketones, or other disinfection by products that originate from the ozonisation of organic substances."

****!!!!**** "Chlorine dioxide chemistry works by selective oxidation, targeting the biocide where it is needed most." "Generally Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) rapidly oxidises phenol type compounds, secondary and tertiary amines, organic sulphides and certain hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics such as benzopyrene, anthracene and benzoathracene. In general, Chlorine Dioxide will not react on double carbon bonds, aromatic cores, quinionic and carboxylic structures as well as primary amines and urea. Commercial applications have shown that Chlorine Dioxide can effectively oxidise many compounds considered to be waste and water pollutants. The table below lists a selection of pollutants found in various industries from our files, and demonstrates the wide range of possible applications for Chlorine Dioxide... Aldehydes... Amines and Mercaptans" "Chlorine Dioxide, however reacts with THM precursors primarily by oxidation to make them non-reactive or unavailable for THM production."

"But CDG has since developed Saf-T-Chlor, a proprietary heat-tolerant form of sodium chlorite that will not catch fire even when exposed to direct flame. No accidents have occured since Saf-T-Chlor was introduced." "CDG's water treatment system... First, the gas kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Second, the gas neutralizes organic compounds such as algae and sulfur, which can give the water a poor taste. Third, the gas oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron and maganese, which causes them to settle out of the water so they can be be trapped in filters. If maganese isn't treated properly, it can turn water black and cause stains on laundry and plumbing fixtures."

{ChlordioX Plus}

1985

"Our KyroCAPS represent an innovative and patented capsule system that does not affect the smell, taste or pH value of the water."

Water Research 19(10): 1273-1281

"The reaction of tryptophane, histidine and tyrosine (10 ppm each) with ClO(2) were studied at molar ratios ranging from 0.25 to 4 in the presence or absence of oxygen. It was found that in the absence of oxygen adding substoichiometric amounts of ClO(2) creates products that are structurally similar to the starting amino acids. Through a series of cascade reactions the initial product distribution gradually evolves toward simple, small carbon chain products that are far from the starting amino acid. The reaction product distribution revealed that chlorine dioxide can attack the electron-rich aromatic moieties as well as the nitrogen atom lone electron pair"

**** "The microorganisms in biofilms include disease-causing pathogens such as E.coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria so it’s important to prevent their development and stop the spread of any spores. The microorganisms cluster together and secrete a protective polysaccharide “glue” that helps them to resist outside elements. Chlorine dioxide penetrates this slimy outer layer by breaking down the inert sugars. Unlike other biocides, chlorine dioxide then continues reacting with the proteins that the microorganisms are built from, disrupting cell function and preventing them from reproducing. Chlorine dioxide is particularly effective at preventing the build-up of Legionella, Giardia Lambia and Cryptosporidium oocysts in public drinking water supplies."

****!!!!**** "the reaction between the ferrous ion and chlorite is very fast (5–15 s) over a range of pH 6.5–8.0; in this condition a ferrous ion dose of 3.31 mg Fe/mg ClO2 completely reduced chlorite to chloride, producing minimal residual soluble iron. For pH higher than 8.0–8.5, chlorite removal is lower due to the natural transformation of the ferrou ions to ferric hydroxide. Within these pH values, chlorite can be removed completely with ferrous ion concentrations higher than the stoichiometric value. Moreover, the application of ferrous salts for chlorite removal during the coagulation process enhances the performance of the coagulation and flocculation treatment"

"The use of supramolecular constructs and/or adducts of chlorine dioxide as strategies for mitigating chlorine dioxide-induced water treatment toxicity has not been reported to date, despite the fact that chlorine dioxide is known to form a variety of supramolecular adducts (Loginova et al., 2011;Palcso et al., 2019), including with α-cyclodextrin (Wambaugh et al., 2013)"