"This study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Aseptrol® (48 ppm and 24 ppm)" "Both disinfectants killed more susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas. aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans within 30 seconds and proved to be fungicidal by killing Candida albicans within 30 seconds.Aseptrol® and Presept® killed less susceptible mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and blood borne organism Hepatitis B virus within 30 seconds. Highly resistant B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and 2.5 minutes by Aseptrol® and Presept® respectively." "Although manufacturers recommend that the disinfectant solutions should be prepared daily, when the shelf-life of prepared solutions stored in screw cap bottles was studied, the results showed that Aseptrol® can be effectively used for 27 day" "nosocomial infections"

****!!!!**** "activated with material provided by BCI Inc., which included phosphoric acid and a surfactant." "12-14 ppm free chlorine dioxide" [Note: Oxine also contains other active oxychlorine species] "Viable cell counts were reduced by more than 99.99% after 60 seconds" "These are significant reductions, especially since the viable counts are primarily from fungal spores rather than vegetative cells."

"Spores of Mucor piriformis were killed after a 4-min exposureat 1 mg ClO2 ml-1 or 30 sec exposure at 3 mg ClO2 ml-1,"

{Significant info on Chlorine Dioxide use, particularly against anthrax} "1994 study by Roberts and Reymond wherein vitro tests on Mucor piriformis, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Cryptosporiopsis perennans were conducted. Conidial suspensions of each pathogen were pipetted into test tubes containing ClO2 at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg/l. Samples were drawn at 30 second intervals and the number of viable colony forming units/ml (CFU) was determined. The resultsof the tests are presented in Table 3.2-7."

****!!!!*** "ule type that potentially had low sensitivity to ClO2. The information generated from this research indicates whether a narrow or wide range in rate of ClO2 is needed for efficacy against different fungal propagules as a result of the interactions of water properties (e.g., pH and water hardness) that vary with the source (e.g., ponds, wells, municipal water, and recirculating systems), in combination with the presence of nutrient leachates that collect in catchment ponds and ebb-and-flow systems" " a high reduction in viable propagules resulted when conidia or sporangiospores of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Mucor piriformis, and Cryptosporiopsis perennans... These papers demonstrated that concentration of ClO2 varies with time, with an equal mortality of propagules obtained at lower concentrations of ClO2 by lengthening the duration of exposure. " "A higher concentration of ClO2 was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When combined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higher demand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2 at pH 8,"

2003. Appendix B: "CT VALUES* FOR 4-LOG INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY CHLORINE DIOXIDE pH 6-9" "CT VALUES* FOR 3-LOG INACTIVATION OF GIARDIA CYSTS BY CHLORINE DIOXIDE"

(2001) "The efficacy of chlorine dioxide as a water disinfectant is sufficiently well characterized that EPA has developed a set of tables predicting the degree of inactivation of microorganisms as a function of the concentration of disinfectant, the time of contact, temperature, and acidity of the water to be treated [Note: EPA document says that data sources used were quite limited, however.]"

{Includes chart of critical levels for pathogens in water} "Shock treatment is recommended twice a year and usually requires a concentration of 20-50ppm chlorine dioxide be maintained for 12 hours, and then the irrigation system thoroughly rinsed before irrigation begins again, due to risk of phytotoxic effects with high concentrations. After shock treatment, a continuous treatment of 0.25ppm residual chlorine dioxide is usually sufficient to prevent regrowth of biofilm. " "The optimum chlorine dioxide range to treat biofilms and common plant pathogens is 0.25 to 3.3 ppm"

*****!!!!**** {Data on effectiveness of various disinfectants. Also data on survival of SARS-CoV-2 on various surfaces}

*****!!!!**** {This article only mentions chlorine dioxide effectiveness against SARS-CoV-1, not SARS-CoV-2, against which it has greater effectiveness} "The exposure of SARS-CoV-2 (7.8 of log10 (TCID50/ml) to 1:49 (~150 ppm) and 1:99 (~75 ppm) *household bleach* resulted in the virus titer being reduced below levels of detection after 5 min" "The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."

****!!!!**** {Direct testing against SARS-CoV-2} "To better inform the choice and use of disinfectants by DHS operators against SARS-CoV-2, the NBACC performed studies to evaluate the effectiveness of several products to reduce SARS-CoV-2 contamination when it was in simulated respiratory fluids. Disinfectants were tested against both wet and dried virus droplets to simulate disinfection of fresh and old contamination. No pre-cleaning or wiping was done during these tests to model a high tempo operations scenario where disinfectant is simply applied onto a potentially contaminated surface without precleaning or wiping"

****!!!!!*** {Chart of various disinfectants, hand sanitizers, etc directly against SARS-CoV-2}

****!!!!!****!!!!*** {Includes chart of Chlorine Dioxide vs Sodium Hypochlorite effectiveness against many pathogens}

2020. {Testing of various formulations on various organisms} "average concentration of chlorine dioxide in the high and low test groups was 224.1 mg/L and 75.2 mg/L, respectively. There was no significant difference between the average concentration of the high and low concentration groups and their theoretical concentrations, and the results of the chlorine dioxide content determinations were consistent with their theoretical concentrations. The average of the 5 measurement concentrations of the combined sodium chlorate powder dissolver in the control group was in the theoretical concentration (380 to 460 mg/L). Therefore, the improved five-step iodine measurement results are accurate, and the method can be used as an effective detection method for chlorine dioxide disinfectant products. The results of the qualitative quantitative killing test of chlorine dioxide solution on four bacteria showed that when the effective concentration of chlorine dioxide solution was 3.12 mg/L, it had a 1 min effect on E. coli 8099, and the kill rate was 99.90 %, 10 min for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, the killing rate reached 99.97 percent, the effect on type B hemolytic streptococcus 32210 30 min, the killing rate reached 100%; The effective concentration was 12.5 mg/L, which was 10 min for bacillus 63501, and the kill rate was 100%. Chlorine dioxide solution sterilization effect is good, and with the compound sodium chlorate powder sterilization effect is similar, and the sterilization effect is much better than ammonium methyl bromide solution. The results of the killing test of chlorine dioxide solution on swine fever virus showed that chlorine dioxide solution and compound sodium chlorate powder dissolver with concentration of 25 mg/L were able to achieve 100% inactivation rate when the Thiveral strain of swine fever virus was 3 min, indicating that the chlorine dioxide solution had good effect on swine plague virus eradication and similar effect to the pig plague virus."

****!!!!!*** 2020. "The potential role of ClO2 in completely inactivating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was demonstrated through the action of degrading the genome and proteins of the virus [4]. This study also confrmed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by this virus can be reduced by ClO2. This is further supported bystudies reporting protein-denaturing activities due to covalent oxidative modifcation of cysteine, tryptophan and tyrosine residues of model proteins (bovine serum albumin and G6PD of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as the mechanism behind the efficacy of ClO2 against microbes [13,14]. Furthermore, 0.03 ppm of ClO2 has been indicated to prevent aerosol-induced infuenza A virus by denaturing the envelope proteins of the virus [12]. The mechanism of norovirus inactivation by ClO2 is attained through degradation of viral protein, including viral genomic RNA and disruption of viral strucutre [15]. In addition, an observation on ClO2-reduced lysozyme activities showed the potential role of ClO2 in denaturation and degradation of protein "

****!!!!****"If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims." "Sodium Chlorite is widely used as a sanitizer and can be effective at inhibiting bacteria. It is important to know that chlorite solutions can carry anti-microbial claims listed as static or stasis by the EPA. That means chlorite solutions can inhibit or prevent bacteria growth of present organisms" [without necessarily destroying them] "we have found the liquid inorganic acids like LpH 100 work best and allow for less acid to be used with higher conversion to CLO2." "Contact time with your acid or ‘activator’ and pH of the working solution your acid is creating. Those two dynamics will determine how much Chlorine Dioxide you actually generate." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution. The remaining sodium chlorite is important and will play a critical role in how well your product works over time." "Bio-Cide’s AANE [Automatic Activation Non Electric] system... to deliver product without ever having to mix products but allows for proper contact time and pH in your working solution to generate FREE CLO2 in your water system. The system is very easy to set up and can be used with any pump system you already have" "So you can essentially have 1.8 ppm TOTAL and .8 ppm FREE under the potable water claim approved by the EPA." " you never have to turn off your system to run other supportive care products or water soluble antibiotics. Since CLO2 is a ‘selective’ oxidizer it doesn’t seem to negatively affect these other products"

"However, when chlorine dioxide generated by a gas generator typified by such a device is absorbed into water and used as a solution, it is unstable and cannot be decomposed in a short time to be useful for practical use. Here, chlorine dioxide generated in recent years is absorbed into an aqueous alkali solution (for example, an aqueous sodium percarbonate solution) and stabilized."

{Excellent chart of industrial uses} {Info on regulations for chlorine dioxide} "OxyChem technical sodium chlorite products"

****** "The most common method of generating ClO2 is through the reaction of chlorine gas with a solution of sodium chlorite. Theoretically, 1 lb of chlorine gas is required for each 2.6 lb of sodium chlorite. However, an excess of chlorine is often used to lower the pH to the required minimum of 3.5 and to drive the reaction to completion. Sodium hypochlorite can be used in place of the gaseous chlorine to generate chlorine dioxide. This process requires the addition of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid for pH control. Other methods used for chlorine dioxide generation include:..." "Complex organic molecules and ammonia are traditional chlorine-demand materials that do not react with chlorine dioxide. " "The chemical behavior and oxidation characteristics of aqueous chlorine dioxide are not well understood because of the difficulty in differentiating aqueous chlorine-containing species." "Chlorine dioxide consumed in water treatment reactions reverts to chlorite ions (ClO2-), chlorate ions (ClO3- ), and chloride ions (Cl -)." "As a gas, chlorine dioxide is more irritating and toxic than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide in air is detectable by odor at 14-17 ppm, irritating at 45 ppm, fatal in 44 min at 150 ppm, and rapidly fatal at 350 ppm. Concentrations greater than 14% in air can sustain a decomposition wave set off by an electric spark. The most common precursor for on-site generation of chlorine dioxide is also a hazardous material: liquid sodium chlorite. If allowed to dry, this powerful oxidizing agent forms a powdered residue that can ignite or explode if contacted by oxidizable materials. The hazardous nature of chlorine dioxide vapor and its precursor, and the volatility of aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide, require caution in the design and operation of solution and feeding equipment."

****

****!!!!****** {Includes equations for predicting impact of variables in determining quantity of byproducts} "At 20oC, pH 7, 70-80% of chlorine dioxideinjected was converted to chlorite and 0-10% of that was transformed into chlorate within 120 min with 2.91 mg/Lof DOC. The amount of chlorite formed also increased when pH and temperature increased. As DOC content increased,the residual chlorine dioxide decreased but the amount of chlorite and chlorate were increased. These experimentsrevealed that chlorate was a dominant by-product under UV irradiation."

****!!!!****!!!! {Materials suitable for Chlorine Dioxide containers} "Construction should be of dark or opaque/UV-blocking (preferred) oxidation-resistant plastic or glass. Some materials recommended include: -High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)- Polypropylene (PP)- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (PETE)- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- Polycarbonate (PC)- Glass (UV-blocking preferred)- Gasket materials; silicone, viton or EPDM" "DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS 5 ppm residual chlorine dioxide level. Circulate water in normal operation of the system.... Repeat daily until desired results are achieved." "Selective Micro® Chlorine Dioxide Test Strips"

**** {Mix with dry citric acid, or 33% phosphoric acid} "Alternatives to citric acid for activation include organic acids, such as acetic acid, and inorganic acids such as phosphoric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids. Activation equivalent to that of citric acid may be achieved by adjusting the Pro Oxide solution to pH 2-3 with an alternative acid." "allow to dissolve for five minutes for citric acid or two minutes for phosphoric acid"

The mole ratio r(r=[I−]0/[ClO2]0) has great influence on ClO2-I−-H2SO4 closed reaction system. By changing the initiate concentration of potassium iodide, the curve of absorbance along with the reaction time was obtained at 350 nm and 297 nm for triiodide ion, and 460 nm for iodine. The changing point of the absorbance curve's shape locates at r=6.00. For the reaction of ClO2-I− in the absence of H2SO4, the curve of absorbance along with the reaction time can be obtained at 350 nm for triiodide ion, 460 nm for iodine. The mole ratio r is equal to 1.00 is the changing point of the curve's sh...

"Its efficacy is largely not affected by pH and organic matter and it does no react with nitrogen compounds to form chloramines. The most widely accepted antimicrobial mechanism of ClO2 is damage to protein synthesis and increased permeability of the outer cell membrane. ClO2 gas may be more effective for inactivation of foodborne pathogens than aqueous ClO2 due to its penetration ability. Also, ClO2 gas could be applied for microbial control during transportation and storage of food." "The specific objectives of this study were, (ⅰ) to investigate the effect of relative humidity, surface characteristics of samples, and temperature on the antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas... on produce and food contact surfaces, (ⅱ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of ClO2 gas with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, aerosolized sanitizer, and dry heat against foodborne pathogens on produce and seeds, (ⅲ) develop portable sustained release formulation of ClO2 gas for field application." "Combined treatment of ClO2 gas (10 ppmv) and aerosolized PAA (80 ppm) for 20 min caused 5.36, 5.06, and 4.06 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively."

2007. "Endoscopes are immersed in 0.35 per cent per-acetic acid or 1100 PPM chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for 5 minutes. "

{Lactic acid can be used in generating Chlorine Dioxide.} Germ-killing composition produced by contacting an acid material, preferably consisting of at least about 15% by weight of lactic acid, with sodium chlorite in aqueous media, the amount of acid being sufficient to *****lower the PH of the aqueous media to less than about 7." including particularly advantageous for use in ultrasonic cleaning devices." "Other authority holds that the ClO2 accelerates the metabolism of a bacterial cell to the detriment of cell growth. Yet other credible authority asserts that the chlorine ion in ClO2 goes through as many as 8 possible oxidation states in passing through a spore wall. As an algaecide, ClO2 destroys the chlorophyll, breaks down the cell until water is lost from the protoplasm, and thereafter completely destroys or oxidizes the cell "

"contacting the object with chlorine dioxide gas while exposing the object to less than 1000 lux of light"

2013 ***!!!!*** "Tailing occurs even at constant ClO2 concentrations. The chlorine dioxide solution’s disinfecting capacity, virus aggregation and the resistant subpopulation were ruled out as reasons for tailing. Instead,the cause for tailing is the deposition of an adduct onto the virus capsid over the course of the experiment, which protects the viruses. This adduct could easily be removed by washing, which restored the susceptibility of the viruses to ClO2." "Important shortcoming of ClO2, namely its self-limiting effect on virus disinfection. Important to take this effect into account in treatment application." "Working solution of 0.410.7 mg/L chlorine dioxide. To compensate for ClO2evaporation and consumption throughout the experiment,concentrated ClO2(16 mg/L) was added at a rate of 8e20mL/min by means of a peristaltic pump."

To control the waterborne transmission of enterovirus 71(EV71), which is associated with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), it is essential to know the inactivation effectiveness of disinfectants on EV71 in water. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the effects on EV71 following exposure to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) under different doses, pH, and temperature conditions. We show that the EV71 exhibited strong resistance to ClO2 (more than the MS2 standard) and that Ct value ranges required for a 4-log reduction of EV71 in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water at pH 7.2 an...