"The controlled disinfection reactions described in this paper provide baseline information necessary for understanding ClO2 efficacy against CCL viral pathogens in treated water under high- and low-pH and -temperature conditions. " "Further studies are needed to determine whether EPA guidance manual ClO2 Ct values are adequate for reducing viruses in an aggregated state, associated with particulate matter, and in natural waters."

{**************Extensive list of Chlorine Dioxide specs, with links to excellent calculators******} Chlorine dioxide, gas weighs 9.99 kg/m³ (0.00577459 oz/in³), melting and boiling points, molecular formula and weight, molar volume, CAS RN, description

The present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising chlorine dioxide having a concentration of at least 4 g of chlorine dioxide per liter, to a method for producing such aqueous composition and to a kit comprising concentrated solutions of chlorite salt, and bisuiphate and persulphate salt. The composition according to the invention can advantageously be used in oil and gas industry, for the treatment of industrial waste water, for the treatment of household waste water, for the treatment of drinking water, for controlling odours, and/or for disinfection of food, goods, anima...

What formula what one use to convert a 75% purity Sodium Chlorite powder to 25% solution? Thanks.

***!!!!*** {Includes table of pathogen effectiveness levels} "Chlorite is the major inorganic by-product of the reaction of chlorine dioxide in water. Usually, the amount of chlorite formed will be 40-60% of the amount of chlorine dioxide which has reacted. " "Chlorine dioxide systems: acid chlorite and electrochemical generators "Typical chlorite yield for an acid-chlorite generator varies between 65-68%. Overall conversion efficiency is much lower than this as much of the acid remains unreacted." "Chlorine Dioxide ClO2 will inactivate pathogenic micro-organisms at the same rate between pH 5 and 9. This makes it ideal for disinfection of potable water and process water where the pH is up around 8.0." "ClO2 is approximately 5 times more soluble than chlorine and 50 times more soluble than ozone." "Chlorine Dioxide Reaction with Inorganic Compounds--Ammonia Nitrogen... Iron... Manganese..." "Sulfur Compounds... Cyanide..." "Oil and Gas... frac water"

how to efficiently prevent and control intestinal disease?

"The corrosion scale will cause much more significant ClO2 loss in corroded iron pipes of the distribution system than the total organic carbon t... The application of ClO2 in the water distribution system using cast-iron pipes is not recommended unless measures to prevent corrosion are fully implemented . Although ClO2 loss caused by corrosion scale was much slower in the copper pipe ..., it may still be necessary to prevent the corrosion and unnecessary loss of disinfectant"

{Ingredients/additives for soap; slow-release CD powder} {John Thangaraj patent (SIPKA) for hand soap, etc.} "in the prior art, powder or granular preparations... were known to be substantially ineffective for producing chlorine dioxide unless the powder/granules were retained in a sachet or other water-permeable barrier that provided a controlled exposure to water. The use of polyacrylate... dispenses with that requirement." "Calcium and magnesium salts are not recommended for use as desiccators... since they add to the hardness of water and reduce soap properties. " "high stability of the chlorine dioxide soap solutions described herein is believed to be due to the presence of certain surfactants... chlorine dioxide is even retained on the surface to which it has been applied (e.g., during cleaning, etc.) for a longer period of time in the presence of a surfactant(s)" "a relatively high yield of chlorine dioxide is obtained from a solid composition that has a relatively greater amount of acid and a relatively lesser amount of alkali chlorite salt" "Anionic, non-ionic, and cationic surfactants that include nitrogen-containing compounds, such as amines, ammonia, quaternary ammonium salts, or urea, are generally not suitable for use in conjunction... [because] readily react with chlorine dioxide, interfere with its release, or otherwise reduce its concentration" "one or more of fillers, disintegrates for tablet formulations, thickeners, and/or foaming agents are also incorporated"

Common Uses and P.P.M. General Reference Guide  This chart is for general reference only. Some applications such as commercial water applications may require a different ppm or CT time depending on the specific application, amount of contamination, and microbes being targeted. This chart is representative of the amounts of chlorine dioxide known to be used for applications based on product information, EPA, and FDA reports. PLEASE NOTE: OUR PRODUCTS ARE NOT REGISTERED BY THE E.P.A. AND ARE OFFERED ONL

A method of making a composition having the property of being able to store chlorine dioxide includes mixing an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution with a superabsorbent, water-soluble polymer that is substantially unreactive with chlorine dioxide and permitting a mixture formed thereby to form one of a gel and a solid composition. A method of delivering chlorine dioxide includes providing a gel or solid composition as described and degelling the gel or dissolving the solid composition to dispense the chlorine dioxide therefrom. A method of disinfecting a target such as water, wastewater, or ...

****{Summary of specific characteristics***a 35 mg/L chlorine dioxide solution stored in a high-density Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) container for 45 days resulted in a 3% loss.. In contrast, the same study stored chlorine dioxide in a clear glass container for 31 days which resulted in a 12% gain, possibly due to continuing formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorite. Another study showed a 6.2% overall gain in chlorine dioxide concentration after 252 days of storage in a PETE container... Chlorite and chlorate show no disinfection capabilities and may cause adverse health effects in children... CTs required for a 2-log virus inactivation were 13 – 20 times higher at a pH of approximately 6 compared to a pH of 9 and 10... two to three-fold increase in inactivation rates per 10° C water temperature increase... bentonite appeared to offer protection or shield the viruses from chlorine dioxide... disinfection capability decreases in more turbid waters since microorganisms are protected by solid particles in water, protected by aggregation or clumping, and protected by loss of chlorine dioxide residual from oxidation of organic matter... Chlorine dioxide should easily achieve a 6-log *bacteria* inactivation at low temperatures and low pHs if chlorine dioxide is used for disinfection of more resistant viruses and cysts." "Colder water temperatures require higher CT values. Use a two-fold increase in CT for every 10° C decrease. Use longer contact time instead of higher dosages to achieve higher CT values. "

"As an oxidizer chlorine dioxide is very selective. It has this ability due to unique one-electron exchange mechanisms.

*****"[Note: Some statements about corrosion, reaction with phenols, Cl also released during some specific reactions, etc may have some inaccuracies] Like ozone and chlorine, chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and not a metabolic toxin. This means that chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms by disruption of the transport of nutrients across the cell wall, not by disruption of a metabolic process." "Unlike chlorine, Chlorine dioxide is effective at pH between 4 and 10. No dumping and filling with fresh water required;" "Chlorine dioxide can be used as a spray. All parts therefore, can easily be reached;" In scrubbers: "In scrubbers, Usually, a very low chlorine dioxide residual, around 0.2-ppm, is sufficient to ensure odour control." {includes effects on specific foods when rinsed}

{ists references to all Gov regulatory info sources re. SC and CD}{includes % & ingredients of tech-grade and various other SC products} "Sodium chlorite is available in both dry and liquid forms. The dry forms contain approximately 80% Sodium chlorite and the solutions range from 7.5% to 40% sodium chlorite."

****{Components of Sodium Chlorite} "Other materials are typically added to sodium chlorite powders or solutions before they are sold. Commercial sodium chlorite bleaching solutions contain special ingredients including anticorrosive agents, buffering agents, chlorine dioxide fume controllers, and surfactants. Anticorrosive agents are used to prevent the corrosion of stainless steel bleaching equipment. Buffer salts help liberate the chlorine dioxide that is produced during the bleaching process. Surfactants help stabilize solutions and allow for cleaning and penetration effects. Stabilized sodium chlorite solution can be stored for long periods without loss of activity. When the sodium chlorite is sold as a solid, sodium chloride is often included to make it safer to handle and store."

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

1958 ***Includes important graphs on solubility, etc. {Translation of text at www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakoronbunshu1953/22/3/22_3_153/_article/-char/en AND translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fkakoronbunshu1953%2F22%2F3%2F22_3_153%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja}

{Includes chart of acids' effectiveness in adjusting pH} "If you buy a 2% CLO2 product (Oxine), you are actually getting a 3.35% Sodium Chlorite in that jug or drum. It is essentially a 1.67 multiplier from the percentage of CLO2 that product claims...." "When using 5% stabilized CLO2 products like Pro Oxine after you achieve proper activation you will convert about 25% to 30% of that solution to CLO2. 70 to 75% of that solution will remain chlorite and be a part of your TOTAL working solution." "Pro Oxine’s product is buffered to an 8 to 8.5 pH solution while most tech grade products are buffered between a 9 to 10 pH solution, therefore the higher pKa acids perform poorly with tech grade chlorites. That is why you generally need more chlorite and more acid to generate FREE CLO2 with tech grade chlorites." "Around 2 to 2.5 pH for it to be effective at generating FREE CLO2." "Tech grade chlorites call for at least 15 minutes of contact with your acid or ‘activator’ before being administered into the water system. With Pro Oxine it calls for 10 minutes. This means it was able to generate the FREE component of the solution (actual CLO2) quicker. Pro Oxine was also able to get a FREE component at a lower TOTAL solution. " ***Other topic: "dropping the pH of the litter to below 4.0 will convert the litter into a medium hostile to the growth and survival of pathogenic bacteria. Normal gut flora, on the other hand, prefer a low pH environment so while dropping the litter pH to 4.0 or less will reduce pathogenic bacteria, it will actually create a favorable environment for healthy bacteria" "acidifying drinking water... assists in the establishment of normal flora, the exclusion of pathogens such as salmonella and the prevention of necrotic enteritis. The use of a mineral acid such as sodium bisulfate..."

*******!!!!*****!!!!**** "The ASC prepared by premixing highly concentrated reactants (in particular > 40%) followed by dilution (dilution after reaction, DAR) was more effective in inactivating foodborne pathogens, and it produced higher antimicrobial compound (Cl2 and ClO2) yields than the other procedures. " "Thus, food manufacturers or researchers could prepare an ASC solution with a much higher bactericidal activity using the DAR procedure, with smaller amounts of reactants in the final ASC solution."

2006.

****!!!!*****!!!!***!!!**

{Includes drawbacks of sodium hypochlorite.} "Otherwise, use products that are approved by the EPA for use against the virus that causes COVID-19 **and that are suitable for porous surfaces.**"

We evaluated the antiviral activity of a chlorine dioxide gas solution (CD) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. CD at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm produced potent antiviral activity, inactivating >or= 99.9% of the viruses with a 15 sec treatment for sensitization. The antiviral activity of CD was approximately 10 times higher than that of SH.

****!!!!**** "The method of chlorine dioxide bacterial kill at low ppm concentration seems to occur by the disruption of protein synthesis and enzyme inactivation.48 49 This is similar to the "time honored", non-toxic mechanism of some common antibiotics. Oxidation of RNA and DNA do not appear to take place, or are at least unimportant in the process. The site of action lies in the soluble fraction of the cell and there appears to be no damage to whole structural components such as ribosomes" "At high ClO2 ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall or viral capsid.52 Human cells do not have similar cell walls and are apparently unaffected. Our skin and bodies are likely protected from the general oxidative effects of ClO2 by the many reducing agents in our cells and blood, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamins E, C, A, B complex, uric acid, zinc and selenium. This is probably the same internal protective mechanism that prevents damage from oxygen and free radicals. Bacteria and viruses do not contain most of these reducing compounds. Because ClO2 is a strong oxidizing agent and also itself a free radical, it quickly neutralizes reactive molecules,such as ****cytokines**** and oxygen free-radicals such as NO•, O2¯, H2O2, HClO, and OH •that are produced in the body by macrophages. These oxygen compounds are released in response to stress or infection and cause inflammation and pain. Other potential irritants found in wounds are similarly oxidized or reduced, such as leukotrienes, TNF, and interleukin. This neutralizing property of ClO2, combined with its ability to completely disinfect, makes IOXIDERM and DIOXIGUARD ideal wound medications. Unlike iodine compounds, or chlorhexidine, healing is not impeded.53 54 Veterinarians have been treating deep wounds and abscesses on tigers and elephants as well as dogs and cats with outstanding success.55 DIOXIDERM GEL had similar striking results on human (otherwise non-healing) diabetic ulcers." "The NOAEL, from animal ingestion studies involving ClO2 and ClO2 ̄, ranges to 100 ppmv[???] about the concentration of Frontier's DioxiDerm gel for topical use. . Water solutions of ClO2 will remain stable for several months if stored in a glass or PET bottle. “Stabilized” chlorine dioxide, which is a buffered solution ofsodium chlorite, does not release ClO2 until the pH of the solution is brought below 3." "Many nutrition and toxicology studies have been performed assessing chlorine dioxide's effect on flour. Treatment of flour with 200 ppm, fed to rats, had no effect after several generations.24,25 Flour treated with up to 500 ppm (5 times the concentration in DioxiCure Gel) fed to puppies had no untoward effect.26 Thirteen human subjects fed experimentally for six weeks with flour products that were treated with doses up to 400 ppm had no detectable toxic symptoms.27 Flour bleached with normal dosage is not reduced appreciably in nutritive value.28 Essential fatty acids are generally not effected, but tocopherol and cystine are oxidized." "hippuric acid, cinnamic acid, betaine, creatine, alanine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, asparaginic acid, asparagine, glutaminic acid, serine, hydroxyproline, taurine, ... HO groups in alcohols and HO acids"

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine in drinking water treatment because it produces limited concentrations of halogenated organic disinfection byproducts. During drinking water treatment, the primary ClO2 byproducts are the chlorite (50–70%) and the chlorate ions (0–30%). However, a significant portion of the ClO2 remains unaccounted for. This study demonstrates that when ClO2 was reacting with phenol, one mole of free available chlorine (FAC) was produced per two moles of consumed ClO2. The in situ formed FAC completed the mass balance on Cl for inorganic ClO2 byproducts (FAC + ClO2— + ClO3—). When reacting with organic matter extracts at near neutral conditions (pH 6.5–8.1), ClO2 also yielded a significant amount of FAC (up to 25%). Up to 27% of this in situ formed FAC was incorporated in organic matter forming adsorbable organic chlorine, which accounted for up to 7% of the initial ClO2 dose. Only low concentrations of regulated trihalomethanes were produced because of an efficient mitigation of their precursors by ClO2 oxidation. Conversely, dichloroacetonitrile formation from ClO2-induced generation of FAC was higher than from addition of FAC in absence of ClO2.

{Includes other ***!!!!*** excellent links on effects on chemistry body}