Not all Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectants are equally . The older acidified sodium chlorite solution technologies achieve only about 10-30% conversion of chlorite anion to chlorine dioxide, require a very acidic pH(around 2) and result in a much more corrosive solution and a higher amount ofcorrosive residue (in the form of unconverted sodium chlorite salt).

What is ClO₂?ClO₂ is an U.S. EPA approved sanitizer, disinfectant, deodorizer, tuberculocide, algaecide, fungicide and U.S. FDA recognized food additive and preservative. Chemical Signature ClO₂ Forms Gas Vapor or Liquid DescriptionChlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is an exceptionally effective and versatile yet low toxicity odor, mold and smoke eliminator. ClO₂ has a 50 year history of effective

****!!!!**** "The photochemical decomposition is characterized by small quantities of O3+ atoms and of equal amounts of chlorine atoms and molecular oxygen, the latter originating in the reaction: ClOO --- Cl + O2" "The isomer ClOO is formed by the geminate recombination of ClO and O, a process which is twice as important as diffusion of the fragments into the mass of the solution an done which represents 30% of the decomposition of the chlorine dioxide. Under our experimental conditions, the lifetime of the ClOO is less than one microsecond."

**Derived from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7403125/

***Tailing occurs even at constant ClO2 concentrations. The cause for tailing is the deposition of an adduct onto the virus capsid over the course of the experiment, which protects the viruses. This adduct could easily be removed by washing, which restored the susceptibility of the viruses to ClO2. This finding highlights an important ***shortcoming of ClO2, namely its self-limiting effect on virus disinfection***. It is important to take this effect into account in treatment applications to ensure that the water is sufficiently disinfected before human consumption.

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****"the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics."

{Mixing instructions, etc} "If you want the... report send me an e-mail"

****!!!!*** " Virucidal effects of chlorous acid on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses were characterized. The virucidal activity was prominent in enveloped viruses. However, among non-enveloped viruses, viruses such as human rhinovirus and feline calicivirus showed a significant sensitivity to the reagent, whereas others such as poliovirus and coxsackievirus showed a weak sensitivity to the reagent, ***suggesting the presence of 2 classes of sensitivity to the reagent, among non-enveloped viruses.*** In addition, characterization of the mode of inactivation by the reagent revealed that ***virus inactivation is strongly dependent on virus species, contaminated proteins, and solvent system composition.**** Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of chlorous acid with those of sodium hypochlorite or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) revealed that chlorous acid was similar to SDS and remarkably weaker than sodium hypochlorite. These results indicate the unique nature of chlorous acid as a potent virucidal agent with tolerable tissue damage, and reveal the merits and limitations of chlorous acid as a disinfectant in food hygiene and sanitizer in healthcare."

Concentrations for effectiveness against pathogens (inc 10 ppm and 100 ppm)

{Many useful citation extracts} "the antimicrobial activity of ClO2 is attributable primarily to its protein-denaturing activity. By solubility analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of enzymatic activity, I demonstrate that protein is rapidly denatured by ClO2 with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of ClO2 in the reaction mixture. Circular dichroism spectra of the ClO2-treated proteins show a change in ellipticity at 220 nm, indicating a decrease in alpha-helical content. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that transition temperature and endothermic transition enthalpy of heat-induced unfolding decrease in the ClO2-treated protein. The enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreases to 10% within 15 s of treatment with 10 microM ClO2. Elemental analyses show that oxygen, but not chlorine, atoms are incorporated in the ClO2-treated protein, providing direct evidence that protein is oxidized by ClO2. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy show that tryptophan residues become N-formylkynurenine and tyrosine residues become 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) or 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA) in the ClO2-treated proteins. Taking these results together, I conclude that microbes are inactivated by ClO2 owing to denaturation of constituent proteins critical to their integrity and/or function, and that this denaturation is caused primarily by covalent oxidative modification of their tryptophan and tyrosine residues."

description of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant

Request PDF | Manufacture of chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorite: Process chemistry | Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has emerged as a highly efficient chemical agent for bleaching, oxidation, and disinfection. Various fundamental studies... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

In the food industry, chemicals are routinely used to sanitize and disinfect product contact surfaces.

Easy clear explanation of CD's chemical action -Chlorine dioxide is a common chemical compound that is composed of two atoms of oxygen and one atom of chlorine. At room temperature, chlorine dioxide is

{Includes acid type as relates to pH and chlorine dioxide solution final concentration} "ClO2 will leave solution with agitation during transport. It is important to minimize headspace" "pH may be low and it may cause browning of the foliage if left to dry." "Can I break the product into smaller containers for application? If you are an Applicator with a simple label, SDS, and an emergency number, you can activate any quantity required utilizing the formulation 1 part Anthium™ Dioxcide, 5 part 10% acid activator, wait 15 minutes, dilute with 56 parts water."

Request PDF | Disinfection performance of chlorine dioxide gas at ultra-low concentrations and the decay rules under different environmental factors | Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is one of the most promising air disinfectants. In this study, an ultra-low concentration of ClO2 gas (< 1.2... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

This research aimed to develop an electrolysis method to generate high-concentration chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for tilapia fillet disinfection. The designed generator produced up to 3500&#x2009;ppm of ClO2 at up to 99&#x25; purity. Tilapia fillets were soaked in a 400&#x2009;ppm ClO2 solution for 5, 10, and 25&#x2009;min. Results show that total plate counts of tilapia, respectively, decreased by 5.72 to 3.23, 2.10, and 1.09&#x2009;log CFU/g. In addition, a 200&#x2009;ppm ClO2 solution eliminated coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in 5&#x2009;min with shaking treatment. Furthermore, ClO2 and trihalomethanes (THMs) residuals on tilapia fillets were analyzed by GC/MS and were nondetectable (GC-MS detection limit was 0.12&#x2009;ppb). The results conform to Taiwan&#x2019;s environmental protection regulations and act governing food sanitation.

Chemicals commonly used for decontamination and cleaning of surfaces are listed below. These are general guidelines; if you are working with a biological agent, concentrations and/or expiration dates may need to be altered. The Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) will review this information in your IBC application. Remember to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the use …

{?What is test source for pathogen results? ?Gas or in solution?} Chlorine dioxide systems: 2-chemical: acid chlorite, 3-chemical: acid-chlorite-hypochlorite, gas chlorine-chlorite and electrochemical generators

Determining the detailed photoreactivity of radicals that are of importance in atmospheric processes requires information from both laboratory and field measurements and theoretical calculations. Laboratory experiments and quantum calculations have been used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the photoreactivity of chlorine dioxide (OCIO). The photoreactivity is strongly dependent on the medium (gas phase, liquid solution, or cryogenic matrix). These data reveal details of the complex chemistry of OCIO. The potential role of this radical in stratospheric ozone depletion is discussed in accord with these laboratory measurements.

By Richard C. Pleus, Ph.D. Summary: Oftentimes, knowing the process for how a drinking water standard—or any policy—will be calculated is crucial to being able to have your voice heard in a timely manner to […]