Chemical & Biological Dynamics

The present study identified the active radical species in acidic sodium chlorite and investigated the feasibility of quantifying these species with the diethylphenylenediamine (DPD) method. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to identify ...

"Significance and Impact of the Study: For practical applications of chlorine in food processing, monitoring of FAC is critical to validate disinfection efficacy. In this study we found that chlorite-based sanitizers acquired a pink colour upon contact with BSA or broiler carcasses. This pink colour interfered with FAC monitoring by methods that measure oxidized N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine absorbance between 513–550 nm. Alternatively, FAC levels of chlorite-based sanitizers could be monitored using the absorbance of 3,30 ,5,50 -tetramethylbenzidine at 650 nm, which does not overlap with the acquired pink colour. These data provide valuable information for safety management of disinfection processes that use chlorite-based sanitizers."

"can be utilized as a food additive, antiseptic, quasi-drug, medicine, or the like. Although there was an issue of sodium hypochlorite not being safe to a human body (high cytotoxicity), this has been resolved. Chlorous acid, which is safe for a human body and easy to handle and generates little chlorine dioxide, is produced as a virus disinfectant and a sterilizing agent"

"utilized as a food additive, antiseptic, quasi-drug, medicine, or the like. Although there was an issue of sodium hypochlorite not being safe to a human body (high cytotoxicity), this has been resolved. Chlorous acid, which is safe for a human body and easy to handle and generates little chlorine dioxide, is produced as a virus disinfectant and a sterilizing agent" "use sodium dihydrogen phosphate instead of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium hydroxide instead of potassium hydroxide. This agent can reduce the decrease of chlorous acid due to contact with an organic matter under acidic conditions. However, the cytotoxic effect is retained. Further, the present invention has demonstrated that a virus disinfection effect is retained. In addition, very little chlorine gas is generated. Further, the agent also has a feature of inhibiting amplification of odor from mixing chlorine and an organic matter."

"we have succeeded in liquefying Chlorous Acid for the first time worldwide and filed the international patents for the technology. And, now, the Chlorous Acid products are a commercially available. This enables us to develop new far-sighted Oxychlorine Compounds products such as Sodium Chlorite derived products in particular and propose the new ways to use them as well."

"problem of providing a novel technique for producing aqueous chlorous acid. The present invention provides a method for producing chlorous acid, which comprises a step of adding chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) to one or more components independently selected from an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt, an organic acid and an organic acid salt or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned components. In the method, chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is provided in the form of a gas. The method also comprises, subsequent to the above-mentioned addition step, a step of further adding one or more components independently selected from an inorganic acid, an inorganic acid salt, an organic acid and an organic acid salt or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned components.

" improved long term stability by the proper choice of pH and through the careful choice of other product formula ingredients.

"extending storage period and usable period of a deodorant as a product by preventing generation of chlorine dioxide gas in a sealed container, and also to provide a gel-type chlorine dioxide deodorant having a storage period extended by the method. SOLUTION: Generation of chlorine dioxide gas is prevented by using gellan gum as a gelling agent and by making the gel-type chlorine dioxide deodorant white. By doing so, shelf life of the deodorant as a product is extended, and a usable period of the deodorant is also extended."

"The validity period reaches more than one year. The product uses solid stable chlorine dioxide, an activating agent (solid active chlorine preparation), a stabilizing agent(nitrogen containing compound), a synergistic agent (nonionic surface active agent) and a cage-shaped molecule inclusion complex as main raw materials which are jointly dissolved in water (if necessary, the raw materials can be respectively dissolved and are mixed), the pH value is regulated, the filtration is carried out if necessary, and the product is obtained by filling and package. The chlorine dioxide concentration and the chlorine dioxide stability of the product can be regulated by raw material selection, use amount increase and decrease and the change of a manufacture process."

"comprising an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide, a chlorate salt, a chlorite salt, a stabilizer containing boron and molybdenum, and a surfactant, and a method for preparing the same.

A composition for a broad-spectrum antiviral agent with excellent preservation stability, which comprises a pure chlorine dioxide solution comprising a chlorine dioxide gas dissolved therein, a chlorite, and a pH adjuster.

A composition for stabilizing chlorine dioxide maintains a chlorine dioxide concentration nearly constant in the agent containing chlorine dioxide dissolved therein even when chlorine dioxide is continuously released as gas from agent, and includes a chlorite and a pH adjuster. The pH adjuster is an acid or a salt thereof having a buffering property whose pH is 2.5 to 6.8 as a 5% aqueous solution at 25° C.

"PeroxyMAX, one of the chemistries covered under the patents is the safest, most effective solution for the treatment of fresh and produced water for hydraulic fracturing. It enables separations in recovered fluids, floating oil and dropping solids and controls bacteria in a more efficient manner than more dangerous and corrosive alternatives on the market like chlorine dioxide."

A fermentation process for the production of ethanol from natural sources, such as corn, comprising introducing a fermentable sugar, an inoculant, and a stabilized chlorine dioxide into a fermentation system is disclosed. The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added preventatively to the fermentation system, at concentrations in the fermentation system of acetic acid no greater than 0.30% (weight/volume) and lactic acid no greater than 0.60% (weight/volume). The stabilized chlorine dioxide is added in an amount effective to substantially prevent growth of bacteria.

DuPont Industrial Biosciences announced April 3 that it has been granted U.S. Patent 9,926,576 entitled “Prevention of Bacterial Growth in Fermentation Processes.” This patent covers the active ingredient in DuPont FERMASURE.

****!!!!*** "When applied correctly, inactivates bacteria without harming yeast" "Proven safe (GRAS status) and approved for use in production of potable alcohol and fuel ethanol production with coproducts intended for use in animal feed."

A stabilized aqueous solution of chlorine oxides containing boron, the solution formed by adding to 1000 parts of water, 4-15 parts by weight of sodium or potassium perborate, and 8-15 parts by weight of sodium peroxide or an equivalent amount of potassium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium percarbonate or sodium percarbonate, the solution having therapeutic value.

The present invention provides a new method for the in situ generation of chlorine dioxide from a solution of sodium chlorite and carbon dioxide. The present invention produces effective levels of chlorine dioxide without having to resort to the use of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, or methanol. By eliminating the use of toxic and/or hazardous compounds, the present invention provides a safer means for generating and using chlorine dioxide in a wider variety of applications than previously possible. For instance, the present invention can easily be adapted for the treatment of combustion exhaust gases, flue gases, cooling towers, chilled water systems, contaminated groundwater, and agricultural produce or products.

{Containers and container treatments that minimize loss of ClO2 through countainer walls. Plastic and glass materials compatibility.} The present invention is directed to both physical and chemical means for maintaining continuous high levels of chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions for extended periods, with minimum loss through degradation in the solution and dissipation through the walls of the containing vessel within which the solution is stored. The ClO 2 may be maintained even in the absence of very high levels of chlorite, from which supplemental, offsetting levels of ClO 2 may be generated. The present invention relates to the discovery that certain types of plastic and glass containers have the ability to maintain relatively constant levels of ClO 2 in their contained solutions over extended periods, particularly in aqueous compositions comprising chlorite/ClO 2 ratios sufficient for a stabilizing complex of the two, presumably Cl 2 0 4 — , to suppress the ClO 2 loss. Of particular value is certain high-density polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) plastic bottling and plastic containers which have been initially exposed to a fluorinating environment. Specifically, in the latter regard, it has been discovered that certain plastic containers which ordinarily are incapable of maintaining aqueous ClO 2 levels can be treated with fluorine gas to transform their surfaces so as to effectively suppress ClO 2 diffusion therethrough.

A method of preparing and storing a stable solution of chlorine dioxide in a non-aqueous, water-immiscible liquid. An aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is vigorously mixed with a non-aqueous, water immiscible liquid and, in a single extraction, the chlorine dioxide is extracted into the non-aqueous liquid. The aqueous and non-aqueous phases are separated and the chlorine dioxide containing non-aqueous liquid is stored in a closed light-free environment. In an alternate embodiment, gaseous chlorine dioxide is introduced into the non-aqueous, water-immiscible liquid. Concentrations of 2,000 mg to 17,000 mg chlorine dioxide per liter are obtained. The chlorine dioxide in the non-aqueous liquid is stabilized for at least one month. A highly purified aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is prepared by mixing the non-aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide with water and extracting chlorine dioxide into the water.

"Ex parte Ratcliff, is a recent decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) addressing whether the requirement that a component of a claimed composition “remains stable in the composition” was indefinite." "It was apparent in this case that the PTAB was looking for a number – how much stabilized chlorine dioxide would need to remain in the composition after storing under specified conditions for the stabilized chlorine dioxide to be deemed “stable in the composition”? For claims as in this case, it can be helpful to consider how the difference between “stable” and “not stable” will be explained to a lay jury. If it will be hard to show a lay jury the line between infringing and not infringing, it may be preferable to claim the composition differently (maybe product-by-process)." "In this case, both the examiner and the PTAB relied on their own judgment of how a skilled artisan would have viewed the meaning of stability. While applicant provided experimental evidence to show that certain prior art compositions did not include stabilized chlorine dioxide that remains stable, a succinct statement from a skilled artisan regarding how to determine whether stabilized chlorine dioxide “remains stable in the composition” may have framed the issue of indefiniteness in a more favorable manner."

A composition for stabilizing chlorine dioxide maintains a chlorine dioxide concentration nearly constant in the agent containing chlorine dioxide dissolved therein even when chlorine dioxide is continuously released as gas from agent, and includes a chlorite and a pH adjuster. The pH adjuster is an acid or a salt thereof having a buffering property whose pH is 2.5 to 6.8 as a 5% aqueous solution at 25°C.

"“In our research, we showed that, by using our existing proprietary process, we can indeed generate CLO2 economically and without using chemicals.” CLO2 is used by the industry as a pretreatment step to break the oil/grease emulsions, destroy chemical additives, and to kill bacteria. CLO2 generation infrastructure is capital-intensive and results in high consumables use. Therefore, integrating CLO2 generation into the normal process of treating flowback water can result in significant efficiency and cost improvements. By using EWS, operators can produce CLO2 to process water for re-use with the added benefit of no additional CLO2 generator infrastructure requirement. Additional benefits of CLO2 production within the EWS process flow are expected to not only help remove bacteria, but help save on capital costs of replacing pipe and other infrastructure, as CLO2 is known to oxidize and destroy friction generating chemicals." "OriginOil disclosed the proprietary capability of EWS to generate chlorine dioxide in a patent application filed on July 15th, 2013, titled "Removing Ammonia from Water". This patent describes how EWS acts and induces reactions on chlorine-based elements."

" chlorine dioxide adsorbed in a zeolite, and/or releasing at least a portion of the chlorine dioxide from the composition, the released chlorine dioxide potentially useful for disinfection, decolorization, mildew control, and/or odor control."

Abstract Antipyrine (ANT, phenazone), a widely used anti-inflammatory analgesic in medical treatment, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment." "ANT was firstly transformed into ANT-Cl through single-electron-transfer (SET) and substitution reaction. Further oxidation of this intermediate product involved ring-opening reaction and de-carbonyl reaction."

The degradation of phenylurea herbicides (chlortoluron, isoproturon and diuron) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and the formation of disinfection by-produc…