Chemical & Biological Dynamics

"“In our research, we showed that, by using our existing proprietary process, we can indeed generate CLO2 economically and without using chemicals.” CLO2 is used by the industry as a pretreatment step to break the oil/grease emulsions, destroy chemical additives, and to kill bacteria. CLO2 generation infrastructure is capital-intensive and results in high consumables use. Therefore, integrating CLO2 generation into the normal process of treating flowback water can result in significant efficiency and cost improvements. By using EWS, operators can produce CLO2 to process water for re-use with the added benefit of no additional CLO2 generator infrastructure requirement. Additional benefits of CLO2 production within the EWS process flow are expected to not only help remove bacteria, but help save on capital costs of replacing pipe and other infrastructure, as CLO2 is known to oxidize and destroy friction generating chemicals." "OriginOil disclosed the proprietary capability of EWS to generate chlorine dioxide in a patent application filed on July 15th, 2013, titled "Removing Ammonia from Water". This patent describes how EWS acts and induces reactions on chlorine-based elements."

" chlorine dioxide adsorbed in a zeolite, and/or releasing at least a portion of the chlorine dioxide from the composition, the released chlorine dioxide potentially useful for disinfection, decolorization, mildew control, and/or odor control."

Abstract Antipyrine (ANT, phenazone), a widely used anti-inflammatory analgesic in medical treatment, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment." "ANT was firstly transformed into ANT-Cl through single-electron-transfer (SET) and substitution reaction. Further oxidation of this intermediate product involved ring-opening reaction and de-carbonyl reaction."

The degradation of phenylurea herbicides (chlortoluron, isoproturon and diuron) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and the formation of disinfection by-produc…

" the phage enzyme could make a rapid decrease in the amount of BF bacteria.The elimination rate approached the maximum (80%) after 4 h of treatment. Enzyme pretreatment could also increase the disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide. Approximately 92% of the BF bacteria were eliminated after treatment with the phage enzyme followed by 30 min of treatment with chlorine dioxide"

{Chlorine dioxide test strips} "These strips inhibit 1.5 ppm chlorine or greater. Bromine, iodine, and permanganate will deliver a positive interference. Free chlorine above 2 ppm will also deliver a positive interference. High levels of chloramine and monochloramine will slowly interfere with the accuracy of chlorine dioxide measurement. Hydrogen peroxide, even at 3%, does not interfere. Chlorite does not yield a positive interference (up to 750 ppm) nor does it consume or interfere with the chlorine inhibitor. No other significant interference is noted when testing with 5 ppm iron, copper or manganese, 20 ppm quat, 40 ppm polyquat, chelant to remove 5 ppm metals, 1 ppm copper algaecide, at pH 6-8.4, at temperatures 15C-40C. 100 ppm cyanuric acid may affect the accuracy of the test strip, causing low colorimetric readings"

Chlorine Test Strips found in: Chlorine Test Strips, Chlorine Test Strips, Sensafe® Chlorine Test Strips, Free & Total Chlorine Test Strips, AquaChek®..

test kits, reagents, etc

****!!!! "Chlorine Dioxide Test Strip monitors chlorine dioxide levels, including residuals from 0-500ppm in increments of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500ppm." ***** "The Chlorine Dioxide 0-500 test strips will react to free chlorine solutions, in fact this is how we check the color chart. Only the Low Level Chlorine Dioxide 0-10ppm has an inhibitor for free chlorine. The Chlorine Dioxide 0-10ppm test strips include an inhibitor for free chlorine up to 4 ppm free chlorine."

"Chlorine Dioxide is a WONDERFUL disinfectant, but, if you know the first thing about it, you know that its concentration in solution wanes rather rapidly. It's easy to make in the lab or kitchen--jut a little Sodium ChlorITE, a tad of bleach (increases yield) and either muriatic or citric acid ("sour salt" in your Kosher section). I keep a little bottle handy for scrapes and scratches--and it kills cold sores DEAD, but how to know whether you need to replace? Instant answer with these stripts!"

****

(1) sulfuric acid is added into sodium chloride solution to obtain mixed solution with the sulfuric acid concentration being 1 to 10 mol.L and the sodium chloride concentration being 1 to 5 mol.L; (2) the mixed solution is added into a reactor containing zinc sulfide ore for taking reaction, and chlorine dioxide and little chlorine gas are produced through the reaction; and (3) mixed absorption liquid formed by alkali liquor and hydrogen peroxide are added into an absorber, wherein the mol ratio of the alkali liquor, the hydrogen peroxide and the sodium chlorate in the reactor is (0.5-1): (0.5-0.8):1, gas produced in the reactor is sent into the absorber, the temperature is maintained at -5 to 10 DEG C, and the reaction lasts 0.5 to 2 hours. The zinc sulfide is utilized and is subjected to two-step reaction so that the conversion rate of converting raw materials of the sodium chlorate into sodium chlorite can be as high as more than 97 percent, and the purity of the obtained sodium chlorite is very high.

In this study the interaction of the preservative sodium chlorite with unsaturated lipids and glutathione was investigated, in comparison with peroxides, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride. The aim was to determine whether the action of sodium chlorite could involve membrane lipid damage …

Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite are commonly used as disinfectants, and understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance to these compounds is of considerable importance. In this study, t...

****!!!!***!!** "Glutathione levels did not correlate with the measured TAC values, despite this being the most important non-enzymatic intracellular antioxidant molecule. The results indicate that the isolated measurement of TAC does not give a clear picture of the ability of a given Candida sp. to respond to oxidative stress."

In this study the interaction of the preservative sodium chlorite with unsaturated lipids and glutathione was investigated, in comparison with peroxid…

"In contrast to its responses to hydrogen peroxide and paracetic acid, KatE1 was not the primary scavenger of chlorine dioxide in these V. parahaemolyticus strains."

{Includes optimal ingredients} Patent application abandoned.

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been promoted as an alternative disinfectant because of its high disinfection efficiency and less formation of organic dis…

"ProOxine®AH Now Claims Efficacy Against PED" "OXINE® Approved for Horticulture Applications... eliminates most microbial issues at grower facilities at doses as low as 1 ppm to 5 ppm." "Keeper® Technology Now Certified Organic" "anti-microbial agent for the Red Meat, Poultry and Post Harvest Industries" “The issuance of Organic Certification now allows the organic producer the same level of protection employed by traditional producers.” “The active component in Keeper is Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) – a powerful antimicrobial with adequate residual effect. After its intended technical effect, ASC breaks down into table salt. This is the fundamental premise of Keeper® approval as an organic material,”

{Includes 2 videos on benefits of chlorine dioxide use in nursing homes} "...surface disinfection of high-traffic consumer and professional spaces.  For over a decade, AET has achieved exemplary treatment results in the auto/boat/RV industries, athletic facilities, healthcare Systems, restaurants, and commercial/residential areas."

****!!!!****!!!!**** "New compositions and methods are disclosed for decontaminating surfaces and enclosures that avoid problems such as salt deposits, corrosion and condensation that accompany the use of known methods. The process involves the use of chlorine dioxide solutions prepared by passing dilute chlorine gas over solid granular sodium chlorite to produce chlorine dioxide gas which is then collected in solution." "...mixing the gas with a carrier gas to produce a gas stream containing chlorine dioxide and disinfecting an enclosure. The gas can be produced by releasing chlorine dioxide gas from an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution containing less than 10% by weight of any of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite ion, hypochlorous acid, or sodium chloride or it can be produced directly for use, as described above. When solutions are used it is preferred that they contain no more than 5%, or more preferably 2.5%, [etc] of... contaminants." "[Anthrax treatment:] As chlorine dioxide gas is stripped out of solution in this method, micro-droplets of solution became entrained in the resulting gas stream and were carried into the building. These droplets deposited a corrosive mixture of water and contaminants throughout the building space causing severe corrosion and other damage. Even where there was no corrosion, salt deposits had to be removed after decontamination was complete. In addition, the solution became hot as it was produced and when pumped into the stripper column (material transfer device) and contacted with air heated by the blowers, the gas stream was warm and humid. This resulted in severe condensation within the building when the warm, humid air contacted cooler air and cooler surfaces in the building. Large mechanical cooling units were used to partially dehumidify the air but a method was never found to control humidity and chlorine dioxide gas concentration simultaneously."

"Chlorine dioxide is unaffected by pH over a wide range, uniquely effective at destroying established biofilm, free of toxic or carcinogenic by-products, and capable of removing bio-contaminants from Anthrax to zebra mussels. In fact, chlorite and chlorate, two of chlorine dioxide’s primary by-products, both break down into chloride, or simple, harmless salt."

"Published test results demonstrate that pure chlorine dioxide supplied in ready-to-use aqueous solution can remove bio-fouling and prevent its regrowth on Thin Film Composite (TFC) membranes and filters in reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration system without damage to membranes. Previous results showing membrane damage from chlorine dioxide are believed to be caused by impurities such as chlorine or chlorous acid in chlorine dioxide made at the point of use. These impurities are not present in CDG Environmental products."