Chemical & Biological Dynamics

"Analyses of the inorganic species produced during the reaction at pH 8 revealed that 2 mol of chlorite are liberated for every 1 mol of oxidized nonphenolic lignin model compound formed, consistent with two consecutive one-electron-transfer processes. In contrast, the low-pH reactions produced mostly ring oxidation products and chlorinated organic material, accompanied by increased levels of hypochlorous acid. The transient hypochlorous acid rapidly reacted with chlorite to generate chloride ions, with a maximum chloride formation at pH 4. Chlorate formation was shown to increase with increasing reaction pH. These results are in contrast to those previously reported for reactions with wood pulps and are explained on the basis of the slow reaction kinetics of nonphenolic lignin moieties as compared to phenolic ones, thereby enabling hypochlorous acid to react with chlorine dioxide to produce chlorate."

1967. "A mechanism involving HOCl, CL--Cl)2, and Cl2 as intermediates is proposed for the disproportionation of chlorous acid."

"“Chlorous Acid (HClO2)”, which is the main active ingredient of chlorous acid water is chemical species in the state of undissociated molecue and it is dissolved by equilibrium with dissociated state of chlorous acid,(H+・ClO2-). In addition, this chlorous acid (HClO2) in undissociated form becomes chlorine dioxide (ClO2 (in Water Phase)) by Disproportionation Reaction and this chlorine dioxide changes to chlorite ion (ClO2-) by getting electron(e-) from water (H2O). Thus, this chlorite ion (ClO2-) returns to dissociated state of chlorous acid (H+ ・ClO2－) and starts to form equilibrium again with chlorous acid (HClO2) which is undissociated state.We call this one series of repeated reaction　“Cycle Reaction. Also, in the aqueous solution of “KlorusKare”, there is co-existence of the above-mentioned molecules and ions at the same time."

The data show that chlorine dioxide protocol and sodium hypochlorite/acetic acid protocol produced the same results on endotoxins. However, Chlorine Dioxide is to be preferred for its simultaneous disinfecting-cleaning and descaling activity which proves time-saving.

2005

A stabilized composition for chlorine dioxide, which can keep the chlorine dioxide concentration in the drug substantially constant even when chlorine dioxide continues to be released as a gas from the drug containing dissolved chlorine dioxide, And a pH adjuster, and the pH adjuster is a buffered acid or a salt thereof in which the pH of a 5% aqueous solution at 25 ° C. is 2.5 to 6.8.

Chlorine dioxide is finding increasing use as an oxidizing bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, replacing chlorine gas and aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine dioxide significantly reduc...

"Applying the dry [chlorine dioxide-generating] formulation directly to the surface of the crop increases the efficiency of the dry formulation for preventing disease caused by microorganisms when compared to prior methods that used the dry formulations to produce fumigation gases to combat the microorganisms."

{Avantec?} A medium having a support structure configured for circulation of a fluid therein, such as a replaceable filter cartridge, including a sanitizing agent which contains one or more reactants that are chemically configured for delivering chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents in a controlled dose to sanitize, deodorize, and disinfect upon being wetted by the fluid and positioned in the medium support structure to be exposed to the fluid circulating therein.

"But CDG has since developed Saf-T-Chlor, a proprietary heat-tolerant form of sodium chlorite that will not catch fire even when exposed to direct flame. No accidents have occured since Saf-T-Chlor was introduced." "CDG's water treatment system... First, the gas kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Second, the gas neutralizes organic compounds such as algae and sulfur, which can give the water a poor taste. Third, the gas oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron and maganese, which causes them to settle out of the water so they can be be trapped in filters. If maganese isn't treated properly, it can turn water black and cause stains on laundry and plumbing fixtures."

"Hydrosil’s HS-CL is a zeolite-based media that is impregnated with sodium thiosulfate. The HS-CL is specially designed for removing chlorine, bromine, or chlorine dioxide from vapor streams. The theoretical capacity of HS-CL is approximately 8.0 percent by weight. The mechanism for chlorine/chlorine dioxide removal is a reaction with sodium thiosulfate" "The HS-CL is typically used in pulp and paper facilities, chemical, fresh and waste water treatment plants to remove chlorine, bromine, or chlorine dioxide."

" potentially useful for disinfection, decolorization, mildew control, and/or odor control."

***!!!!*** Also "major factors that affect the formation of chloroxyanion byproducts. Approximately 22% of the generated 36Cl-ClO2 was present on fumigated tomatoes after a 2 h exposure to approximately 5 mg of 36Cl-ClO2. A water rinse removed 14% of the radiochlorine." "Absent from tomatoes and cantaloupe were 36Cl-chlorite residues. Follow-up studies have shown that chlorate and perchlorate formation can be completely eliminated by protecting fumigation chambers from light sources."

"A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons." "the solution can be mixed or otherwise combined with acid." "Presence in a sufficient amount of a water-retaining substance in the unactivated material reduces the rate of chlorine dioxide outgassing to no more than a negligible amount prior to activation."

"Snoot! Nasal Cleanser uses acidified sodium chlorite, which is often called "chlorine dioxide"; it is a very safe and widely-used sanitizer and oxidizer. But because people confuse this with "chlorine bleach" that is commonly used for making clothes white in the laundry and as a sanitizer in swimming pools, we have written"

"Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores isolated from a clean room environment are known to exhibit enhanced resistance to peroxide, desiccation, UV radiation and chemical disinfection than other spore-forming bacteria. The survival of B. pumilus SAFR-032 spores to standard clean room sterilization practices requires development of more stringent disinfection agents. Here, we report the effects of a stabilized chlorine dioxide-based biocidal agent against spores of B. pumilus SAFR-032 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051. Viability was determined via CFU measurement after exposure. Chlorine dioxide demonstrated efficacy towards sterilization of spores of B. pumilus SAFR-032 equivalent or better than exposure to hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate efficacy of chlorine dioxide delivered through a stabilized chlorine dioxide product as a means of sterilization of peroxide- and UV-resistant spores."

"Aims: Daily exposure to 100 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide of single species and binary biofilms of dairy-associated Bacillus cereus DL5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens M2, attached to stainless steel surfaces"

"SkunkAway® is an activated chlorine dioxide, easy-to-use, spray solution for completely breaking down and removing skunk odors from pets. Each bottle can treat 4 large sized dogs. Why just mask skunk odors when you can now completely break it down and eliminate it."

"This case study evaluates the effectiveness of generating chlorine dioxide gas using Eka Chemical's method of Purate (Sodium Chlorate/Hydrogen Peroxide) and Sulfuric Acid technology as it compares to the Vulcan (Rio Linda) chlorine gas/25% sodium chlorite system process"

"Tighter control of the microbiological activity in incoming and process waters will always bring higher efficiency in pulp and paper production, as well as contributing positively to sheet quality and printability."

1998

"In fact, the chemical reaction rate of traditional chlorine dioxide bleaching of pulp is too fast to observe the intermediate process. The mechanism behind the reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (APO), a phenolic lignin model compound, with high concentrations of chlorine dioxide was investigated. Individual solutions of each compound and a mixture of the two were analyzed by UV–vis spectrophotometry, and an absorbance band at 260 nm was observed for the stable benzoquinone intermediates at room temperature. Free chlorine dioxide displayed an absorbance at 360 nm and changes in this absorbance were studied with different APO concentrations. A fixed molar ratio of 1:3 was obtained between APO and chlorine dioxide consumption. The intermediate absorbance demonstrated a linear relationship with the APO concentration. The reaction path between APO and chlorine dioxide at high concentrations was speculated, and it was observed that the activity of C1, C2, C3, C5, and C6 on the APO benzene ring was enhanced when high concentrations of chlorine dioxide were present. From these results, a new method for efficient and clean chlorine dioxide bleaching can be developed."