Chemical & Biological Dynamics

"3-Benzylsulfanyl-4,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole, 5-methylsulfanyl-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole, 2-methylsulfanyl-1H-benzimidazole, 2-benzylsulfanyl-1H-benzimidazole, and 1-butylsulfanyl-4-nitrobenzene were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides with chlorine dioxide using different modes of oxidant supply. The oxidation process was characterized by high chemoselectivity."

"Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. "

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"Only four of the eighteen free amino acid residues examined were found to be photolabile under environmentally relevant conditions: histidine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan."

"The electrode potential of 0.936 V for the ClO2•/ClO2− couple is so large that even 0.1 M of added ClO2− (a 103 excess over the initial ClO2• concentration) fails to suppress the reaction rate."

****!!!!*** "Only a few amino acids have been reported to be reactive with ClO2, and they have been found to follow second-order kinetics for the overall reaction. The rate constants vary from 10−2 to 107 M−1 s−1 and follow an order of reactivity: cysteine > tyrosine > tryptophan > histidine > proline. For reactions of histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine with ClO2, products vary depending largely on the molar ratios of ClO2 with the specific amino acid. Products of ClO2 oxidation differ with the presence or absence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. Excess molar amounts of ClO2 relative to amino acids are associated with the production of low molecular weight compounds. The oxidation of the biochemically important compounds bovine serum albumin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by ClO2 suggests a denaturing of proteins by ClO2 by an attack on tryptophan and tyrosine residues and relates to the inactivation of microbes by ClO2."

"Carcasses that were defeathered with the chorine dioxide treatment had lower numbers of Campylobacter and E. coli than control carcasses. Treated carcasses were also less likely to be positive for Salmonella. However, the chemical treatment did not have any affect on antibacterial resistance in either Campylobacter or Salmonella."

"At practical disinfectant exposures, eARGs and iARGs were ≥90% degraded/deactivated by FAC, O3, and UV, but recalcitrant to NH2Cl and ClO2. iARG degradation/deactivation always lagged cell inactivation."

"ClO2 inactivation of the virus was temperature- and pH-dependent. The virucidal efficiency was higher at pH 8.2 than at pH 5.6 and pH 7.2 and higher at 36 °C than at 4 and 20 °C." "may demonstrate a general inactivation by ClO2 of enteric virus by damaging the 5′-NCR. Furthermore, 5′-NCR can be used... evaluate the inactivation effects of ClO2."

{Chlorine dioxide was effective and seemed safest option}

1993. "Of the eight disinfectants tested... stabilized chlorine dioxide (Dent-A-Gene) was effective and would be expected to be the safest."

[Helped invent Solonium and study Chlorine Dioxide as a "size-selective antimicrobial"} "He soon learned that ClO2 is far more than a simple “nonlinear” reactant; it is a highly effective disinfectant, or, in other words, the “ideal biocide”. " "The scientific discovery that ClO2 is a size-selective disinfectant that guarantees the advantageous medical applications of Solumium. Most importantly, the theory explains why Solumium is completely harmless to humans while it kills bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoons practically at once. " "As Solumium is a local disinfectant that can be used only on the outer and inner surfaces of the body (on skin and wounds, or on mucous membranes of the body like mouth or throat), it can replace antibiotics in these application"

[This may be Solonium brand chlorine dioxide]

"Selenium (Se) is one of the toxic trace elements in flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants. A method for oxidation and absorption of selenium dioxide (SeO2) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in a calcium-based slurry is proposed, in which hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were selected to be absorbents, and H2O2 and NaClO2 were used to oxidize SeO2 and selenite ion to selenate ion to reduce their toxicities. The effects of reaction temperature, H2O2 and NaClO2 concentrations, solution pH, and SeO2 concentration were investigated"

"Minimizing the inorganic by-products chlorite ion and chlorate ion in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide is important if ClO₂ is to remain a viable alternative in potable water treatment. The use of sulfur dioxide-sulfite ion chemistry to quantitatively remove chlorite ion to below the 0.1-mg/L level is described, along with the use of free chlorine to remove the sulfur dioxide-sulfite ion. The stoichiometry and the rate law are described for pH values of 5.5 to 8.5 so that the chemistry can be applied directly in existing drinking water treatment facilities."

****!!!!****** {Includes equations for predicting impact of variables in determining quantity of byproducts} "At 20oC, pH 7, 70-80% of chlorine dioxideinjected was converted to chlorite and 0-10% of that was transformed into chlorate within 120 min with 2.91 mg/Lof DOC. The amount of chlorite formed also increased when pH and temperature increased. As DOC content increased,the residual chlorine dioxide decreased but the amount of chlorite and chlorate were increased. These experimentsrevealed that chlorate was a dominant by-product under UV irradiation."

****!!!!****!!!! {Materials suitable for Chlorine Dioxide containers} "Construction should be of dark or opaque/UV-blocking (preferred) oxidation-resistant plastic or glass. Some materials recommended include: -High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)- Polypropylene (PP)- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (PETE)- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)- Polycarbonate (PC)- Glass (UV-blocking preferred)- Gasket materials; silicone, viton or EPDM" "DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAINS 5 ppm residual chlorine dioxide level. Circulate water in normal operation of the system.... Repeat daily until desired results are achieved." "Selective Micro® Chlorine Dioxide Test Strips"

**** {Mix with dry citric acid, or 33% phosphoric acid} "Alternatives to citric acid for activation include organic acids, such as acetic acid, and inorganic acids such as phosphoric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids. Activation equivalent to that of citric acid may be achieved by adjusting the Pro Oxide solution to pH 2-3 with an alternative acid." "allow to dissolve for five minutes for citric acid or two minutes for phosphoric acid"

"Chlorine dioxide reacts rapidly with H2O2 to form chlorous acid. "

2008

2005